目录

  • 1 Starting out
    • 1.1 An Introduction about Listening(课程导入)
    • 1.2 Inside view(课程内容)
    • 1.3 English Names(第一小节知识补充)
    • 1.4 Outside view (课程内容)
    • 1.5 Oxford University (第二小节知识补充)
    • 1.6 Listening in(课程内容)
    • 1.7 The IVY league(第三小节知识补充)
    • 1.8 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 1.9 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit(单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 1.10 Video Clip of Language and Cultural Point(教师单元知识点精讲视频)
    • 1.11 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 1.12 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 1.13 Scripts for Unit 1(听力原文)
    • 1.14 Cultural Awareness(文化意识提升)
    • 1.15 Quiz (单元测试)
  • 2 Food, glorious food
    • 2.1 Differences in Food Culture(课程导入)
    • 2.2 Inside view (课程内容)
    • 2.3 Translation for Eight Chinese Cuisines(第一小节知识补充)
    • 2.4 Outside view (课程内容)
    • 2.5 Listening in(课程内容)
    • 2.6 Differences between Western and Chinese Table Manners(第三小节知识补充)
      • 2.6.1 BBC: Table manners I(课外知识补充)
      • 2.6.2 BBC: Table manners II(课外知识补充)
    • 2.7 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 2.8 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit (单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 2.9 Video Clip of Language and Cultural Point(教师单元知识点精讲视频)
    • 2.10 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 2.11 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 2.12 Sripts for Unit 2(听力原文)
    • 2.13 Cultural Awareness(文化意识提升)
    • 2.14 Quiz(单元测试)
  • 3 Learning to think
    • 3.1 Six Thinking Hats(课程导入)
    • 3.2 Inside view(课程内容)
    • 3.3 Memory (第一小节知识补充)
    • 3.4 Outside view(课程内容)
    • 3.5 Mind maps(第二小节知识补充)
    • 3.6 Listening in (课程内容)
    • 3.7 Backgroung information about Nursery school(第三小节知识补充)
    • 3.8 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 3.9 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit (单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 3.10 Video Clip of Language and Cultural Point(教师单元知识点精讲视频)
    • 3.11 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 3.12 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 3.13 Scripts for Unit 3(听力原文)
    • 3.14 Quiz(单元测试)
  • 4 Family affairs
    • 4.1 Family Education(课程导入)
    • 4.2 Inside view(课程内容)
    • 4.3 Parents' Roles in Family Education(第一小节知识补充)
    • 4.4 Outside view(课程内容)
    • 4.5 The changing role of fathers(第二小节知识补充)
    • 4.6 Listening in(课程内容)
    • 4.7 Nature and Nurture(第三小节知识补充)
    • 4.8 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 4.9 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit (单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 4.10 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 4.11 Students‘ Language Output Presentation(学生语言产出成果展示)
    • 4.12 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 4.13 Scripts for Unit 4(听力原文)
    • 4.14 Cultural Awareness(文化意识提升)
    • 4.15 Quiz(单元测试)
  • 5 Revision and Exam(期中测试)
    • 5.1 Test paper (测试样题)
  • 6 News 24/7
    • 6.1 Background information about News(课程导入)
    • 6.2 Inside view(课程内容)
    • 6.3 News(第一小节知识补充)
    • 6.4 Outside view (课程内容)
    • 6.5 Life story about Dianna (第二小节知识补充)
    • 6.6 Listening in(课程内容)
    • 6.7 Reality TV Program(第三小节知识补充)
    • 6.8 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 6.9 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 6.10 Students‘ Language Output Presentation(学生语言产出成果展示)
    • 6.11 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 6.12 Scripts for the Unit (听力原文)
    • 6.13 Key to exercises(参考练习答案)
    • 6.14 Cultural Awareness(文化意识提升)
    • 6.15 Quiz(单元测试)
  • 7 Arrivals and departures
    • 7.1 Modern Beijing Self-Guided Tour (课程导入)
    • 7.2 Inside view (课程内容)
    • 7.3 Preparation for Hiking(第一小节知识补充)
    • 7.4 Outside view (课程内容)
    • 7.5 The Trip to Australia(第二小节知识补充)
    • 7.6 Listening in (课程内容)
    • 7.7 The Trip to the USA(第三小节知识补充)
    • 7.8 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 7.9 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit(单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 7.10 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 7.11 Students‘ Language Output Presentation(学生语言产出成果展示)
    • 7.12 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 7.13 Scripts for the unit (听力原文)
    • 7.14 Key to exercises(参考练习答案)
    • 7.15 Cultural Awareness(文化意识提升)
    • 7.16 Quiz (单元测试)
  • 8 All you need is love
    • 8.1 Love(课程导入)
    • 8.2 Inside view(课程内容)
    • 8.3 Dating(第一小节知识补充)
    • 8.4 Outside view(课程内容)
    • 8.5 Listening in (课程内容)
    • 8.6 True Love(第三小节知识补充)
    • 8.7 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 8.8 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit (单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 8.9 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 8.10 Students‘ Language Output Presentation(学生语言产出成果展示)
    • 8.11 Peer Assessment(同伴评价)
    • 8.12 Scripts for the unit(听力原文)
    • 8.13 Cultural Awareness(文化意识提升)
    • 8.14 Quiz(单元测试)
  • 9 Body and mind
    • 9.1 What is Health?(课程导入)
    • 9.2 Inside view(课程内容)
    • 9.3 Factors for good health(第一小节知识补充)
    • 9.4 Outside view(课程内容)
    • 9.5 Preserving Health(第二小节知识补充)
    • 9.6 Listening in (课程内容)
    • 9.7 The China Health and Nutrition Survey (第三小节知识补充)
    • 9.8 Pronunciation(语音练习)
    • 9.9 Ideological and Political Elements of the Unit (单元思政元素挖掘)
    • 9.10 Language Output of the Unit(语言产出任务布置)
    • 9.11 Students‘ Language Output Presentation(学生语言产出成果展示)
    • 9.12 Peer Assessment(同伴互评)
    • 9.13 Scripts for the unit(听力原文)
    • 9.14 Key to exercises(参考练习答案)
    • 9.15 Cultural Awareness (文化意识提升)
    • 9.16 Quiz (单元测试)
  • 10 Revision and Final Examination (学期测试)
    • 10.1 Exam Paper(测试样题)
Nature and Nurture(第三小节知识补充)

Nature and Nurture 

nature vs. nurture

Nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are—from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics.

Nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture.

Even today, different branches of psychology often take a one versus the other approach. For example, biological psychology tends to stress the importance of genetics and biological influences. Behaviorism, on the other hand, focuses on the impact that the environment has on behavior.

In the past, debates over the relative contributions of nature versus nurture often took a very one-sided approach, with one side arguing that nature played the most important role and the other side suggesting that it was nurture that was the most significant. Today, most experts recognize that both factors play a critical role.1 Not only that, but they also realize that nature and nurture interact in important ways all throughout life.

Do genetic or environmental factors have a greater influence on your behavior? Do inherited traits or life experiences play a greater role in shaping your personality? The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.

Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Nativists take the position that all or most behaviors and characteristics are the results of inheritance.

Advocates of this point of view believe that all of our characteristics and behaviors are the result of evolution. Genetic traits handed down from parents influence the individual differences that make each person unique.

Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate. According to this notion, everything that we are and all of our knowledge is determined by our experience.

For example, when a person achieves tremendous academic success, did they do so because they are genetically predisposed to be successful or is it a result of an enriched environment? If a man abuses his wife and kids, is it because he was born with violent tendencies or is it something he learned by observing his own parent's behavior?

A few examples of biologically determined characteristics (nature) include certain genetic diseases, eye color, hair color, and skin color. Other things like life expectancy and height have a strong biological component, but they are also influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle.

Some characteristics are tied to environmental influences. How a person behaves can be linked to influences such as parenting styles and learned experiences. For example, a child might learn through observation and reinforcement to say 'please' and 'thank you.' Another child might learn to behave aggressively by observing older children engage in violent behavior on the playground.

Even today, research in psychology often tends to emphasize one influence over the other. In biopsychology, for example, researchers conduct studies exploring how neurotransmitters influence behavior, which emphasizes the nature side of the debate. In social psychology, researchers might conduct studies looking at how things such as peer pressure and social media influence behaviors, stressing the importance of nurture.