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1 教材
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2 教学
石竹科 CARYOPHYLLACEAE
1、一年生或多年生草本，稀亚灌木。
2、茎节通常膨大，具关节。
3、单叶对生，稀互生或轮生，全缘，基部多少连合；托叶有，膜质，或缺。
4、花辐射对称，两性，稀单性，排列成聚伞花序或聚伞圆锥花序，稀单生，少数呈总状花序、头状花序、假轮伞花序或伞形花序。
雄蕊10，二轮列，稀5或2；雌蕊1，由2-5合生心皮构成，子房上位，3室或基部1室，上部3-5室，特立中央胎座或基底胎座，具1至多数胚珠；花柱 (1) 2-5，有时基部合生，稀合生成单花柱。
5、果实为蒴果，长椭圆形、圆柱形、卵形或圆球形，果皮壳质、膜质或纸质，顶端齿裂或瓣裂，开裂数与花柱同数或为其2倍，稀为浆果状、不规则开裂或为瘦果。
约75(80)属2000种，世界广布，但主要在北半球的温带和暖温带，少数在非洲、大洋洲和南美洲。地中海地区为分布中心。我国有30属，约388种，58变种，8变型，分隶属3亚科，几遍布全国，以北部和西部为主要分布区。其中无心菜属（Arenaria L.）、蝇子草属（Silene L.）和繁缕属（Stellaria L.）3属占全科种数一半以上，多集中于青藏高原，尤其是横断山至喜马拉雅山一带特别丰富。金铁锁属（Psammosilene W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu）则为我国所特有。
一、卷耳属* Cerastium L.
一年生或多年生草本，多数被柔毛或腺毛。叶对生，叶片卵形或长椭圆形至披针形。二歧聚伞花序，顶生；萼片5，稀为4，离生；花瓣5，稀4，白色，顶端2裂，稀全缘或微凹；雄蕊10，稀5，花丝无毛或被毛；子房1室，具多数胚珠；花柱通常5，稀3，与萼片对生。蒴果圆柱形，薄壳质，露出宿萼外，顶端裂齿为花柱数的2倍；种子多数，近肾形，稍扁，常具疣状凸起。
约100种，主要分布于北温带，多见于欧洲至西伯利亚，极少数种见于亚热带山区。我国有17种，1亚种，3变种，产北部至西南。
1. 卷耳（中国高等植物图鉴）
17a. 卷耳（原变种）
var. arvense
多年生疏丛草本，高10-35厘米。茎基部匍匐，上部直立，绿色并带淡紫红色，下部被下向的毛，上部混生腺毛。叶片线状披针形或长圆状披针形，长1-2.5厘米，宽1.5-4毫米，顶端急尖，基部楔形，抱茎，被疏长柔毛，叶腋具不育短枝。聚伞花序顶生，具3-7花；苞片披针形，草质，被柔毛，边缘膜质；花梗细，长1-1.5厘米，密被白色腺柔毛；萼片5，披针形，长约6毫米，宽1.5-2毫米，顶端钝尖，边缘膜质，外面密被长柔毛；花瓣5，白色，倒卵形，比萼片长l倍或更长，顶端2裂深达1/4-1/3；雄蕊10，短于花瓣；花柱5，线形。蒴果长圆形，长于宿存萼1/3，顶端倾斜，10齿裂；种子肾形，褐色，略扁，具瘤状凸起。花期5-8月，果期7-9月。
产河北、山西、内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆、四川。生于海拔1 200-2 600米高山草地、林缘或丘陵区。中欧、北欧、北极、俄罗斯、哈萨克、朝鲜、日本、蒙古、北美也有。
Cerastium arvense is a species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names field mouse-ear and field chickweed繁缕. It is a widespread species, occurring throughout Europe and North America, as well as parts of South America. It is a variable species. There are several subspecies, but the number and defining characteristics are disputed.
Cerastium arvense is a perennial herb growing up to 30 to 45 centimeters tall. It takes the form of a mat, clump, creeper, or upright flower, and may grow from a taproot or tangled system of rhizomes. It is usually somewhat hairy in texture, often with glandular hairs. The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, or oblong, and a few centimeters in length. The inflorescence may consist of a single flower to a dense cluster of many. The flower has five white petals, each with two lobes, and five hairy green sepals at the base. The fruit is a capsule up to 1. 5 centimeters long with ten tiny teeth at the tip. It contains several brown seeds. Cerastium arvense is a perennial herb growing up to 30 to 45 centimeters tall. It takes the form of a mat, clump, creeper, or upright flower, and may grow from a taproot or tangled system of rhizomes. It is usually somewhat hairy in texture, often with glandular hairs.
二、石竹属* Dianthus L.
多年生草本，稀一年生。根有时木质化。茎多丛生，圆柱形或具棱，有关节，节处膨大。叶禾草状，对生，叶片线形或披针形，常苍白色，脉平行，边缘粗糙，基部微合生。花红色、粉红色、紫色或白色，单生或成聚伞花序，有时簇生成头状，围以总苞片；花萼圆筒状，5齿裂，无干膜质接着面，有脉7、9或11条，基部贴生苞片1-4对；花瓣5，具长爪，瓣片边缘具齿或隧状细裂，稀全缘；雄蕊10；花柱2，子房1室，具多数胚珠，有长子房柄。蒴果圆筒形或长圆形，稀卵球形，顶端4齿裂或瓣裂；种子多数，圆形或盾状；胚直生，胚乳常偏于一侧。
约600种，广布于北温带，大部分产欧洲和亚洲，少数产美洲和非洲。我国有16种10变种，多分布于北方草原和山区草地，大多生于干燥向阳处。有不少栽培种类，是很好的观赏花卉。
1. 石竹（群芳谱）
1a. 石竹（原变种）
var. chinensis
多年生草本，高30-50厘米，全株无毛，带粉绿色。茎由根颈生出，疏丛生，直立，上部分枝。叶片线状披针形，长3-5厘米，宽2-4毫米，顶端渐尖，基部稍狭，全缘或有细小齿，中脉较显。花单生枝端或数花集成聚伞花序；花梗长1-3厘米；苞片4，卵形，顶端长渐尖，长达花萼1/2以上，边缘膜质，有缘毛；花萼圆筒形，长15-25毫米，直径4-5毫米，有纵条纹，萼齿披针形，长约5毫米，直伸，顶端尖，有缘毛；花瓣长16-18毫米，瓣片倒卵状三角形，长13-15毫米，紫红色、粉红色、鲜红色或白色，顶缘不整齐齿裂，喉部有斑纹，疏生髯毛；雄蕊露出喉部外，花药蓝色；子房长圆形，花柱线形。蒴果圆筒形，包于宿存萼内，顶端4裂；种子黑色，扁圆形。花期5-6月，果期7-9月。
原产我国北方，现在南北普遍生长。生于草原和山坡草地。俄罗斯西伯利亚和朝鲜也有。
现已广泛栽培。育出许多品种，是很好的观赏花卉。根和全草入药，清热利尿，破血通经，散瘀消肿。
Dianthus chinensis, commonly known as rainbow pink or China pink is a species of Dianthus native to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, and southeastern Russia. It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 30–50 cm tall.
Highly popular, Dianthus chinensis (Chinese Pink) is a biennial or short-lived perennialpnized foritsabundancecolorful, flat, single flowers adorned with heavily fringed petals and a dark centraleye. Blooming overalongperiod from late spring throughout summer, the flowers come in a wide array of brightcolors from wbite to redoftenin bicolon combinations. The pretty blossoms are borne on slender branched stemsand iseaboveafolaof narrow, lance-shaped leaves. Chinese Pinks thrive in cool summers and dislikeheatand humidity Easy togroChinese Pinks willfill your garden or containers with theirvibrant colors beforeyouknowit,
Grows upto6-30in. tall (15-75cm)ana 6-10in. wide (15-25cm). ChinaPinks mayself-sowto produce differently colored flowers than those of their parentplant.
Thrives in full sun in average, dry to medium moisture, well-drained soils. Appreciatessome afternoon shainhotsummer climates.
Excellentchoice for beds and borders, garden edging br containers
Deadheadspent flowers toencouragenew blooms. When flowering declines trim backto promote adcitionalbloom.
Susceptible to crown rotand rustin poorly-drained soils. Watch forsnailsand slugs.
Startseed indoons 6-8 weeks beforelast frost date. Plant in the ground l-2 weeks before last frostdate Native to China
二、蝇子草属* Silene L.
一、二年生或多年生草本，稀亚灌木状。茎直立、上升、俯仰或近平卧。叶对生，线形、披针形、椭圆形或卵形，近无柄；托叶无。花两性，稀单性，雌雄同株或异株，成聚伞花序或圆锥花序，稀呈头状花序或单生；花萼筒状、钟形、棒状或卵形，稀呈囊状或圆锥形，花后多少膨大，具10、20或30条纵脉，萼脉平行，稀网结状，萼齿5，萼冠间具雌雄蕊柄；花瓣5，白色、淡黄绿色、红色或紫色，瓣爪无毛或具缘毛，上部扩展呈耳状，稀无耳，瓣片外露，稀内藏，平展，2裂，稀全缘或多裂，有时微凹缺；花冠喉部具10片状或鳞片状副花冠，稀缺；雄蕊10，二轮列，外轮5枚较长，与花瓣互生，常早熟，内轮5枚基部多少与瓣爪合生，花丝无毛或具缘毛；子房基部1、3或5室，具多数胚珠；花柱3，稀5（偶4或6）。蒴果基部隔膜常多变化，顶端6或10齿裂，裂齿为花柱数的2倍，稀5瓣裂，与花柱同数；种子肾形或圆肾形；种皮表面具短线条纹或小瘤，稀具棘凸，有时平滑；种脊平、圆钝、具槽或具环翅；胚环形。
约400种，主要分布北温带，其次为非洲和南美洲。我国有112种2亚种17变种，广布长江流域和北部各省区，以西北和西南地区较多。
1. 蝇子草（新拟） 白花蝇子草（拉汉种子植物名称），西欧蝇子草（中国高等植物图鉴补编）
Silene galliea L.
一年生草本，高15-45厘米，全株被柔毛。茎单生，直立或上升，不分枝或分枝，被短柔毛和腺毛。叶片长圆状匙形或披针形，长1.5-3厘米，宽5-10毫米，顶端圆或钝，有时急尖，两面被柔毛和腺毛。单歧式总状花序；花梗长1-5毫米；苞片披针形，草质，长达10毫米；花萼卵形，长约8毫米，直径约2毫米，被稀疏长柔毛和腺毛，纵脉顶端多少连结，萼齿线状披针形，长约2毫米，顶端急尖，被腺毛；雌雄蕊柄几无；花瓣淡红色至白色，爪倒披针形，无毛，无耳，瓣片露出花萼，卵形或倒卵形，全缘，有时微凹缺；副花冠片小，线状披针形；雄蕊不外露或微外露，花丝下部具缘毛。蒴果卵形，长6-7毫米，比宿存萼微短或近等长；种子肾形，两侧耳状凹，长约1毫米，暗褐色。2n=24。花期5-6月，果期6-7月。
我国城市公园、花圃栽培供观赏。原产欧洲西部。
Silene gallica is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by several common names, including common catchfly, small-flowered catchfly, and windmill pink. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa, but it can be found throughout much of the temperate world as a common roadside weed.
三、繁缕属* Stellaria L.
一年生或多年生草本。叶扁平，有各种形状，但很少针形。花小，多数组成顶生聚伞花序，稀单生叶腋；萼片5，稀4；花瓣5，稀4，白色，稀绿色，2深裂，稀微凹或多裂，有时无花瓣；雄蕊10，有时少数（8或2-5）；子房1室，稀幼时3室，胚珠多数，稀仅数枚，1-2枚成熟；花柱3，稀2。蒴果圆球形或卵形，裂齿数为花柱数的2倍；种子多数，稀1-2，近肾形，微扁，具瘤或平滑；胚环形。
约120种，广布于温带至寒带。我国产63种，15变种和2变型，广布于全国。
1. 繁缕（名医别录） 鹅肠菜（本草纲目），鹅耳伸筋（湖北巴东），鸡儿肠（江苏）
Stellaria media (L.) Cyr.
1a. 繁缕（原变种）
var. media
一年生或二年生草本，高10-30厘米。茎俯仰或上升，基部多少分枝，常带淡紫红色，被1 (-2) 列毛。叶片宽卵形或卵形，长1.5-2.5厘米，宽1-1.5厘米，顶端渐尖或急尖，基部渐狭或近心形，全缘；基生叶具长柄，上部叶常无柄或具短柄。疏聚伞花序顶生；花梗细弱，具1列短毛，花后伸长，下垂，长7-14毫米；萼片5，卵状披针形，长约4毫米，顶端稍钝或近圆形，边缘宽膜质，外面被短腺毛；花瓣白色，长椭圆形，比萼片短，深2裂达基部，裂片近线形；雄蕊3-5，短于花瓣；花柱3，线形。蒴果卵形，稍长于宿存萼，顶端6裂，具多数种子；种子卵圆形至近圆形，稍扁，红褐色，直径1-1.2毫米，表面具半球形瘤状凸起，脊较显著。2n=40-42 (44)。花期6-7月，果期7-8月。
全国广布（仅新疆、黑龙江未见记录）。为常见田间杂草，亦为世界广布种。
茎、叶及种子供药用，嫩苗可食。但据《东北草本植物志》记载为有毒植物，家畜食用会引起中毒及死亡。
Stellaria media, chickweed, is an annual and perennial flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Eurasia and naturalized throughout the world. This species is used as a cooling herbal remedy治疗, and grown as a vegetable crop and ground cover for both human and poultry consumption. It is sometimes called common chickweed to distinguish it from other plants called chickweed. Other common names include chickenwort, craches, maruns, and winterweed. The plant germinates in autumn or late winter, then forms large mats of foliage.
Stellaria media
Common Name(s): Birdweed、Chickenwort、Chickweed、Common Chickweed、Starweed、Starwort、Winterweed.
Description
Stellaria media, or Chickweed, is a cool-season annual plant that is sometimes considered a weed. This plant produces 1/2 inch to 1 inch stems that usually sprawl across the ground. It branches abundantly near the base, but very little toward the tips of the stems. Pairs of opposite leaves occur at intervals along these stems. It is in leaf all year, in flower all year, and the seeds ripen all year. The stems terminate in small white flowers during the spring for plants that are winter annuals, and during the summer or autumn for plants that are summer annuals. A typical plant will bloom sporadically零星地 for 1-2 months. Each flower is replaced by a cylindrical seed capsule that contains several seeds. The root system is shallow and fibrous. This plant spreads by reseeding itself; it can also spread vegetatively by rooting at the leaf nodes along the stems. It sets flowers and seeds at the same time and can spread rapidly.
The plant grows easily in a moist soil and full sun or partial shade. It can be very lush葱翠的、丰富的 and vigorous when grown in a fertile soil, but in infertile soils it will flower and set seed while still very small. A very common garden weed, chickweed grows, flowers and sets seed all year round. The flowers open in the morning and remain open for about 12 hours. They do not open in dull多云的 weather. The leaves fold up at night time, enfolding and protecting the tender buds of new shoots.
The plant is edible and is also a food source for poultry家禽. It can be confused with other plants that look similar but is distinguished by having hairs on only one side of the stem and hairs on the sepals. It can grow in partial shade to full sun and is often seen in the lawn. Typical growing conditions consist of moist to mesic栖息于湿地的 conditions, and a fairly fertile loam壤土、沃土 or clay-loam soil. Light shade and temporary flooding are tolerated. It is often seen in woodland areas prone to flooding or standing water, thickets, cropland and fallow fields, lawns and gardens, nursery plots, areas adjacent to buildings, and miscellaneous waste areas. While Chickweed occurs to a limited extent in natural habitats, where it is sometimes invasive, this plant prefers areas with a history of disturbance.
Chickweed has adventitious后天生的、外来的 roots.
