蔷薇科Rosaceae

1、乔、灌、藤本或草本，常有枝刺或皮刺。

2、单叶或复叶，互生，稀对生，有托叶，稀无托叶。

3、花两性，稀单性；花基数5，花萼基部多少于花托愈合成碟状或坛状萼管；雄蕊多数，着生在花托的边缘；心皮1至多数，离生或合生，子房上位或下位。

4、果实有聚合蓇葖果、核果、梨果、瘦果，稀蒴果。种子无胚乳。

有四个亚科，约124属3300余种，广布于世界各地，尤其北温带居多。

我国约有51属1000余种，分布于全国各地。

Rosaceae, the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the most species-rich genera are Alchemilla, Sorbus, Crataegus, Cotoneaster, Rubus, and Prunus which contains the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds. However, all of these numbers should be seen as estimates – much taxonomic work remains.

Rosaceae, the rose family of flowering plants (order Rosales), composed of some 2,500 species in more than 90 genera. The family is primarily found in the north temperate zone and occurs in a wide variety of habitats. A number of species are of economic importance as food crops, including apples, almonds, cherries, pears, raspberries, and strawberries; some, such as the rose, are grown as ornamentals.

Members of Rosaceae are generally woody plants, mostly shrubs or small to medium-size trees, some of which are armed with thorns, spines, or prickles to discourage herbivores. The genus Rubus悬钩子属 (e.g., blackberries and raspberries) chiefly contains arching shrubs or scramblers of irregular, often tangled appearance. Herbaceous perennials are found in several genera, most notably strawberries (Fragaria草莓属), cinquefoil (Potentilla), avens (Geum水扬梅属), and goatsbeard (Aruncus). Most species in the family have alternate leaves, and small leaflike structures called stipules are routinely present at the base of the leaf stalks.

The bisexual flowers vary from small to large and range from white to various shades of yellow, pink, orange, lavender淡紫色, or red. Typically flat or shallowly cup-shaped, the flowers are radially symmetric and feature flower parts in multiples of five or four. The sepals and petals are almost always free from each other, and many species bear a characteristic hypanthium, or floral cup, from whose rim the sepals, petals, and stamens arise. The hypanthium is often lined with nectar-producing tissue. Most species are insect pollinated and produce a variety of fruit. In fact, the family is divided into four subfamilies based primarily on fruits: Spiraeoideae (Spirea subfamily), with follicles (dry fruits that open on one side); Rosoideae (rose subfamily), with achenes (dry fruits that do not open) or, in Rubus, drupelets (small drupes [fleshy stone fruits]); Amygdaloideae (plum subfamily), with drupes; and Maloideae (apple subfamily), with pomes (fruits in which the hypanthium becomes fleshy).

分亚科检索表

1.蓇葖果或蒴果，开裂；单叶或复叶，常无托叶…………………………………绣线菊亚科

1.果实不开裂；有托叶…………………………………………………………………………2

2.子房下位；萼筒与花托在果时变成肉质梨果，有时浆果状………………………苹果亚科

2.子房上位………………………………………………………………………………………3

3.心皮多数，果托膨大，聚合瘦果或小核果，萼宿存；复叶………………………蔷薇亚科

3.心皮常1，稀2或5，核果，萼常脱落；单叶………………………………………李亚科

Ⅰ.绣线菊亚科Spiraeoideae

落叶灌木，稀草本。单叶或羽状复叶，叶片全缘或有锯齿，常无托叶。心皮离生或基部合生；子房上位，具2至多数悬垂胚珠。果实成熟时多为开裂的聚合蓇葖果，稀为蒴果。

约100种，广布于北温带。

The subfamily Spiraeoideae was traditionally a subfamily of flowering plants within the family Rosaceae. The taxonomy of this subfamily has changed several times in the last century as more detailed studies have been carried out. Spiraeoideae as defined before 2007 is paraphyletic, leading some authors to define a broader subfamily which includes the Spiraeoideae as well as the Maleae, and the Amygdaloideae. Such an expanded subfamily is to be called Amygdaloideae under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

分属检索表

1.蒴果，种子有翅；花径约100px；单叶，无托叶…………………………白鹃梅属

1.蓇葖果，种子无翅；花径小于或等于50px…………………………………2

2.单叶；聚合蓇葖果不膨大，仅沿腹线开裂……………………………………绣线菊属

2.羽状复叶，有托叶……………………………………………………………………珍珠梅属

一.白鹃梅属ExochordaLindl.

落叶灌木。单叶互生，全缘或有齿；托叶无或小而早落。花白色，颇大，呈顶生总状花序；萼、瓣各5；雄蕊15～30；5心皮合生。蒴果5棱，瓣裂，每瓣具1～2粒带翅种子。

白鹃梅(金瓜果、茧子花、九活头)Exochordaracemosa(Lindl.)Rehd.

白鹃梅

【形态】：高达3～5m，全株无毛。枝条细弱开展，小枝微有棱角，幼时红褐色，老时褐色；冬芽三角状卵形，平滑，暗紫红色。叶长椭圆形，全缘，无托叶。总状花序，花瓣倒卵形，白色；雄蕊与花瓣对生；花柱分离。蒴果倒圆锥形，有5脊。花期5月，果期6～8月。

【分布】：原产中国华中及华东地区，沿黄河、淮河及长江流域均有分布。

【习性】：喜温暖湿润的气候，喜光也稍耐阴，耐旱。抗寒力颇强，对土壤要求不严，在排水良好、肥沃而湿润的土壤中长势旺盛。萌芽力强，萌蘖性强。

【繁殖】：以播种为主，也可分株、扦插繁殖。

【用途】：姿态秀美，叶片光洁，花开时洁白如雪，光彩照人，是良好的优良观赏树木。适于在草坪、亭园、林缘、路边、假山、庭院角隅作为点缀树种。老树古桩又是制作树桩盆景的材料。盛花前将花蕾连带嫩梢采下，用开水烫后晒干可作蔬菜。

Exochorda racemosa

Common name: Common Pearlbush

Deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft (3-4.5 m) high, upright, slender branches.   Leaves alternate, simple, oblong to obovate, 3-8 cm long, about half as wide, acute and terminated in an abrupt tip, entire, or serrate on vigorous shoots, medium green above, whitish below.  Flowers perfect, white, about 4 cm wide, 5-petaled, 3 stamens at the base of each petal; 6-10 flowers per cluster (raceme); flower buds roundish, "pearl-like".  Fruit 5-valved, dehiscent, about 8 mm wide, yellow to brown.

Sun to light shade, best in moist, rich loams, good heat and drought tolerance when established, flowers arise on old growth, so prune as needed soon after flowering

Native to northern China.

Description

Pearlbush is a loose, upright, spring-flowering deciduous shrub in the Roseaceae (rose) family.  It is as broad as it is high, with a tolerance for heat and drought. The plant typically reaches a height of 10 feet but can go as high as 15 feet. It is a dependable, tough plant that leaves out early.

It grows well in sun and prefers rich, well-drained, acidic soil, although it does well in more average soil and will tolerate alkaline soils and partial shade. It has slender branches and tends to have a loose, or unkempt, appearance with age. The flowers in spring are white and pearl-like, hence the common name Pearlbush.

It can become overarching and floppy, but it can be severely pruned to rejuvenate. However, because it blooms on the previous year's growth, you should wait until the current blooms are spent before pruning and use that as a guide to how much to remove. It is reported to be invasive in some states but is not currently listed as such for North Carolina.

The plant is most suitable for borders, hedges, or foundation plantings. Dwarf forms make excellent bedding plants.  Once established, it has a reputation for being tough and adaptable but choose its location wisely because its taproot can make transplanting difficult..

Quick ID Hints:

White, 5-petaled flowers on pins; buds pearl-like

Leaves are mucronate and entire below midsection

Fruit is persistent green-brown, top-shaped, dehiscent capsule

Some leaves 'batman-like' with tooth on either side of apex

二.绣线菊属SpiraeaL.

落叶灌木。冬芽小。单叶互生；叶缘有齿或分裂，无托叶。花小，排成伞形、伞房或圆锥花序；花瓣5；离生雌蕊。聚合蓇葖果，种子细小无翅。

约100种，中国50余种。

分种检索表

1.复伞房花序或圆锥花序，花粉红至红色…………………………………………2

1.伞形或总状花序，花白色……………………………………………………………3

2.圆锥花序…………………………………………………………………………………绣线菊

2.复伞房花序…………………………………………………………………………粉花绣线菊

3.伞形总状花序，着生于多叶的小枝上……………………………………………4

3.伞形花序，无总梗，有极小的叶状苞位于花序基部…………………………5

4.叶端尖，菱状长圆形至披针形，羽状脉…………………………………………麻叶绣线菊

4.叶端钝，菱状卵形至倒卵形，羽状脉，两面有毛………………………………中华绣线菊

5.叶椭圆形至卵形，背面常有毛……………………………………………………李叶绣线菊

5.叶线状披针形，光滑无毛…………………………………………………………珍珠绣线菊

1.绣线菊(柳叶绣线菊、空心柳)Spiraeasa licifolia L.

【形态】：直立，高可达2m。枝条密集，小枝有棱及短毛。单叶互生，长圆状披针形，缘具细密锐锯齿、缺刻，两面无毛。；叶柄短，无毛。花两性，粉红色，伞房或圆锥花序被生毛，长可6～325px，花密集；雄蕊50枚伸出花瓣外；花有花盘、苞片、花萼和萼片，均被毛。蓇葖果直立，沿腹缝线有毛并具反折萼片。花期6～8月，果熟8～10月。

【分布】：分布于北半球温带至亚热带地区，我国辽宁、内蒙古、山东、山西等地均有栽培分布。

【习性】：喜光也稍耐阴，抗寒，抗旱，喜温暖湿润的气候和深厚肥沃的土壤。萌蘖力和萌芽力均强，耐修剪。

【繁殖】：种子繁殖或扦插繁殖。

【用途】：花色艳丽，花序密集，花期亦长，是优良的夏季观花灌木。宜在庭院、池旁、路旁、草坪等处栽植，作整形树颇优美，亦可作花篱，盛花时宛若锦带。叶、果含有鞣质，可提取栲胶，用做饲料；根、果实可人药。

Spiraea salicifolia 

Common Name(s): Bridewort、Willow-Leaf Meadowsweet、Willowleaf Meadowsweet、Willow-leaved Meadowsweet、Willow-leaved SpireaWillow Spiraea

Description

The name Spiraea is derived from the Greek speira, meaning twisting which refers to the fruits that appear as if they are twisted.  First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, Spiraea salicifolia or Willowleaf Meadowsweet is a deciduous shrub in the rose family.

It's commonly found in wet boggy沼泽多的 areas, stream beds, river valleys or woodlands. It can adapt to most soil conditions, however prefers to be located in full sunlight in moist and loamy soil. In the US, it can be found in the lower 48 states, but it is more likely to be observed in the wild in Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Michigan, North Carolina, Virginia and Vermont.

Spreading by suckers, it can form a dense thicket.  These thickets can cause individual plants to become less hardy.  Dividing on a regular basis will help keep the plants at their best.  Its dense habitat is used for stabilization projects along rivers and lakes.  

When in bloom, the rose-tinted white flowers produced on panicles create a dense, showy picture.

Its vitamin C rich young leaves can be cooked and eaten.

2.粉花绣线菊(日本绣线菊、蚂蝗梢、火烧尖)Spiraea japonica L.

【形态】：高达1.5m。枝开展，小枝光滑或幼时有细毛。单叶互生，卵状披针形至披针形，边缘具缺刻状重锯齿，叶面散生细毛，叶背略带白粉。花粉红色，复伞房花序生于当年生枝端。蓇葖果，卵状椭圆形。花期6月，果期8月。。

【变种】：尖叶粉花绣线菊(狭叶绣线菊var.acuminataFranck)，原产我国。生于山谷或河沟边。叶椭圆状披针形至宽披针形，边缘有尖锐重锯齿，叶面有皱纹。花红141绣线菊色。

【分布】：原产日本和朝鲜半岛，我国华东地区有引种栽培。

【习性】：喜光，略耐阴。喜冷凉，忌高温潮湿。生长适温约i0～20℃，夏季力求阴凉通风，梅雨季节应避免长期潮湿或排水不良。生长强健，适应性强，耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄，分蘖能力强。

【繁殖】：分株、扦插或播种繁殖。

【用途】：枝叶茂密，开花繁盛，可布置草坪及小路角隅等处，或种植于门庭两侧或花坛、花径，也可做花篱。全株人药，通经、通便、利尿。

Spiraea japonica 

Common Name(s): Bumald Spiraea、Goldmound Spiraea、Japanese Meadowsweet、Japanese Spiraea

Description

Spiraea japonica, or Japanese Spiraea, is a flowering dwarf deciduous shrub with leaves that change color over the season, growing 4 to 6 feet high and as many feet wide. The plant is drought tolerant and has an upright, low and broadly mounded form creating a dense thicket of thin wiry stems. Japanese Spiraea blooms in early summer with pink flowers that attract butterflies and is often the last of the common spiraeas to bloom in a calendar year. Old, dried flower heads will remain on the plant after blooming and can be pruned off with a light shearing to encourage continued blossoms. The plant, itself, flowers on new wood so it is best to prune the branches in late winter or early spring. This plant works well on banks, as a low mass or filler, or as the front of a shrub border. 

The plant prefers rich loam, but grows in a range of soil types (including clay) in average, medium moisture, good drainage, and full sun. It will not do well in wet, poorly drained, soil. It tolerates light shade. Japanese Spiraea can be an aggressive self-seeder and has been known to escape gardens and naturalize in many areas of the eastern United States. The plant can also spread in the garden by suckering.

3.麻叶绣线菊(石棒子、麻叶绣球)Spiraea catoniensis Lour.

【形态】：直立丛生灌木。小枝密集，皮暗红单叶互生，长椭圆形至披针形，中部以上有大花白色，10～30朵密集成顶生半球形伞形花

【分布】：原产我国东部和南部，各地广泛栽培，华北、华东常见。日本亦有栽培。

【习性】：性喜光，也稍耐阴，耐干旱瘠薄，怕湿涝。对土壤要求不严，分蘖力强。

【繁殖】：以分株、扦插繁殖为主，也可用种子繁殖。

【用途】：夏季盛开白色或粉红色鲜艳花朵，可植于庭院、公园、水边、路旁或栽于假山及斜坡上，供观赏。列植路边，形成绿篱极为美观。又为蜜源植物。

Spiraea cantoniensis, the Reeve's spiraea, bridalwreath spirea, double white may, Cape may or may bush, is a species of plant native to China, belonging to the rose family Rosaceae. An ornamental plant featured in gardens, it is a shrub growing up to 1.5 metres tall with frothy多泡的、空洞的, pompom-like clusters of snow-white flowers borne along arching branches that bloom in May in its native country, hence its common name.

Spiraea cantoniensis 

Common Name(s): Bridal-wreath Spiraea、Cape May、Double White May、May Bush、Reeves Spiraea (double)、Spiraea

Description

Spiraea cantoniensis, or Bridal-wreath Spiraea, is a deciduous perennial shrub typically grown as an ornamental feature in gardens. The plant can reach a height of 6 feet, tends to be twiggy and spreading into a fountain-like form, and displays frothy, pompom-like clusters of snow-white flowers along the terminal of arching branches. The bush blooms in May in its native China; hence the common name, May Bush.

Bridal-wreath Spiraea is a hardy plant that is drought and heat tolerant, slightly salt tolerant, and seldom damaged by deer. The plant is easily transplanted, grows rapidly, and will often require pruning, which should be done after the plant has completed flowering. It grows in a range of soil types with the exception of wet soil and produces new stems from the base of the plant. It is best grown in cooler climates with protection from the hot afternoon sun as that can cause leaf burn.

The flowers attract butterflies. 

4.中华绣线菊(铁黑汉条、华绣线菊)Spiraea chinensis Maxim.

【形态】：小枝呈拱形弯曲，红褐色，幼时被红黄色绒毛，有时无毛；冬芽卵形，外被柔毛。单叶菱状卵形至倒卵形，边缘有缺刻状粗锯齿，或具不明显3裂，上面暗绿色，被短柔毛，下面密被黄色绒毛。花白色.雄蕊短于花瓣或与花瓣等长；花柱短于雄蕊；伞形花序，花梗具短绒毛；苞片线形.被短柔毛；萼筒钟状，外面有稀疏柔毛，内面密被柔毛。蓇葖果开张，被短柔毛。花期3～6月，果期6～10月。

【分布】：华北以南至云贵、两广等广大地区。

【习性】：生于山坡、山谷溪边、田野旁边，适宜海拔高度500～2040m。

【繁殖】：种子、分株、扦插繁殖。

【用途】：花人药，丛植、孤植、群植供观赏。

5.李叶绣线菊(笑靥花)Spiraea prunifolia Sieb.etZucc.

李叶绣线菊

【形态】：高达3m。冬芽小，卵形，无毛。叶小，长2.5～125px，叶缘中部以上有锐锯齿，叶背有细短柔毛或光滑；叶柄短。3～6朵花组成伞形花序，无总梗，基部具少数叶状苞片；花瓣5，白色，重瓣，花朵平展，中心微凹如笑靥，花径约25px；化梗细长；雄蕊多数，短于花瓣。蓇葖果，顶端具宿存花柱，无毛。花期4～5月，果期7～8月。。

【变种】：单瓣李叶绣线菊var.siplicifraNakai，花单瓣，径约150px，极少栽培。

【分布】：产于我国长江流域，朝鲜、日本也有分布。

【习性】：喜光稍耐阴，耐寒，耐旱亦耐湿，耐瘠薄。萌蘖性、萌芽力强，生长健壮，耐修剪。

【繁殖】：扦插或分株繁殖。

【用途】：花大多重瓣，春天花色洁白，繁密似雪。

园林造景、环境绿化用树种。宜丛植池畔、山坡、路旁或树丛之边缘，亦可成片群植于草坪及建筑物角隅。

Spiraea prunifolia 

Common Name(s): Bridal Wreath Spiraea、Bridal Wreath Spirea

Description

Bridal wreath spirea is a drought-tolerant, flowering, deciduous shrub that grows to 9 feet high and 8 feet wide. It tends to be twiggy in form, loose and fountain-like. The plant is easily grown in average, medium moisture, in well-drained soils, and does its best flowering when sited in full sun. It will tolerate light shade, a wide range of soils including clay, deer, and some drought. In its native China, the plant is often found on sunny hillsides or stony, barren places. Because it is an upright, arching shrub that can become leggy, you may want to prune as needed immediately after flowering. On the other hand, if left alone Bridal Wreath Spirea grows into what some consider a graceful, open, arching shrub with branches drooping all the way to the ground. Whether it is leggy or elegant, seems to be a matter of taste.

Bridal wreath is noted for its early spring bloom of double white flowers that appear in profusion along the bare branches. The pure white flowers are borne in long sprays that can be fashioned into wreaths and worn on the head for a special occasion, hence the name. The foliage appears after the blooms as small, shiny dark green leaves. Foliage often develops an attractive red-orange-yellow fall color.

S. prunifolia ‘Plena’ is the long-favored bridal wreath usually found in retail. Species plants as well as the single-flowered plant (Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora) are generally not available. Note that the double-flowered plant was botanically described prior to the single-flowered plant, hence the double flower became the species and the single flower became a variety or form of the species. 

6.珍珠绣线菊(珍珠花、雪柳、喷雪花)Spiraea thunbergii Sieb.etZucc.

【形态】：高达1.5m。枝条纤细开展，弧形弯曲，小枝有棱角，幼时密被柔毛，褐色，老时红褐色。叶条状披针形，叶近无柄。伞形花序无总梗或有短梗，基部有数枚小叶片；萼筒钟状，萼片三角形，内面有密短柔毛，花瓣宽倒卵形，白色；雄蕊多数，长为花瓣的1／3或更短；花柱与雄蕊近等长。聚合蓇葖果开张，花柱宿存。花期4～5月，果期7月。

【分布】：原产华东，主要分布于浙江、江西、云南，陕西、辽宁等省有栽培。

【习性】：耐寒，分蘖性强，耐修剪，栽培容易，易管理。在全光照下生长健壮，特别进入秋季，秋叶变色快，与庇荫下树相比，颜色变得更红，更鲜艳，持续时间长。

【繁殖】：扦插或播种繁殖。

【用途】：叶形似柳，开花早，花白如雪，故又称“雪柳”。树姿潇洒，小枝纤细向上倾斜弯曲，花朵小巧密集，布满枝头，在阳光照射下，犹如串串珍珠。是东北地区园林绿化中不可多得的观花、观叶的优良花灌木。通常作为彩叶篱多丛植于街道、公园、小区、广场等草坪角隅或作基础种植，亦可作切花用。

Spiraea thunbergii 

Common Name(s): Baby's Breath Spiraea、Breath of Spring Spiraea、Thunberg's Meadowsweet、Thunberg Spira

Description

Spiraea thunbergii, or Breath of Spring Spiraea, is a drought-tolerant, upright, deciduous, flowering shrub that can reach a height of 5 feet and an equal width. The plant grows easily in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun, although it does tolerate light shade, a wide range of soils including clay, and some drought. In its native Asia, it is often found on rocky hillsides. However, it does not tolerate wet soil. To maximize blooming, you should site the plant in a warm, sheltered place where it will obtain full sun. The plant form is loose and fountain-like with wiry, outward-arching branches and tends to be twiggy, so you should prune as needed immediately after flowering to maintain a desired shape. The plant flowers on the previous summer's growth and should be pruned immediately after flowering in order to promote new growth.

Breath of Spring Spiraea is noted for its early spring bloom (April, usually the first spiraea to bloom) of tiny white flowers (each to 1/3” diameter) in 3- to 5-flowered clusters. The narrow, pale green leaves that emerge after the blooms have a willow-like appearance. Foliage turns yellow in fall, with orange and bronze hues.

This is one of several plants whose Latin species thunbergii honors the Swedish botanist and plant collector Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828).

三.珍珠梅属SorbariaA.Br.

落叶灌木。奇数羽状复叶互生，有小锯齿，具托叶；花两性，小，极多数，排成顶生圆锥花序；萼片5，反折；花瓣5；雄蕊20～50；心皮5，基部合生，蓇葖果。9种，分布于亚洲。中国有3种，产西南部和东北部。分种检索表

1.蓇葖果长圆形，果梗直立………………………………………………………………珍珠梅

1.蓇葖果圆柱形，下垂，果梗弯曲…………………………………………………高丛珍珠梅

1.珍珠梅(东北珍珠梅、华楸珍珠梅、吉氏绣线菊)Sorbaria kirilawii(Regel)Maxim.

珍珠梅

【形态】：高达2m。枝开展，小枝弯曲，幼时绿色，老时暗黄褐色或暗红褐色；鳞芽卵形紫褐色。奇数羽状复叶，小叶近无柄，披针形至卵状披针形，有尖锐重锯齿，两面近无毛，羽状脉；托叶卵状披针形至三角状披针形。花白色，顶生圆锥花序大，总花梗和花梗均被星状毛或短柔毛，果期逐渐脱落；萼裂片三角状卵形，先端急尖。果梗直立，蓇葖果长圆形。花期5～7月，果期9～10月。。

【分布】：原产亚洲北部，河北、山，西、山东、河南、内蒙古均有分布，现各地栽培。

【习性】：喜光又耐阴，性强健，不择土壤，有一定的耐寒性。生长迅速，萌蘖性强，耐修剪。

【繁殖】：播种、扦插及分株繁殖。

【用途】：花蕾圆形、洁白如珍珠，花开似梅，故此得名。花期长，开时正值少花季节，尤其是其具极强的耐阴性，在避阳之处，仍能生机蓬勃，正常开花。枝叶茂密，姿态秀丽；花序恰似雪球，堪称花叶并美。丛植、散植颇为理想。也是制作桩景和切花的优良材料。

Sorbaria sorbifolia, the false spiraea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. The common name is also spelled false spirea. Other common names include false goat's beard, sorb-leaved schizonotus, Ural false spirea, and in Chinese: 珍珠梅; pinyin: zhen zhu mei; lit. 'pearl plum'.

Sorbaria sorbifolia 

Common Name(s): False Spirea

Description

Sorbaria sorbifolia, or False Spirea, is a deciduous, erect, multi-stemmed shrub that is best grown in average, medium moisture, organically rich, well-drained soil. It flowers best when sited in full sun and spreads by suckers to form colonies. It is a hardy and aggressive plant and you should remove the root suckers promptly to control its spread and prune in late winter and early spring before new growth. To rejuvenate a tired plant, you can cut it close to the ground. Ural Spirea is a cultivar that does not have the invasive characteristic of the parent False Spirea, making it much improved variant for the home gardener. 

This coarse shrub grows to 5 to 8 feet tall (sometimes to 10 feet) and as wide. It displays masses of tiny white flowers in early summer and the deep green foliage resembles mountain ash to which it is related. It is sometimes planted en mass for erosion control.

2.高丛珍珠梅(珍珠排、野生珍珠梅)SorbariaarboreaSchneid.

【形态】：直立丛生灌木，高达6m。小枝微有星状毛。小叶13～17枚，披针形至矩圆状披针形，边缘有重锯齿，下面稍有星状毛；小叶柄短或近无柄。大形圆锥花序顶生，花白色；萼片稍短于萼筒；雄蕊长于花瓣。蓇葖果圆柱形，下垂，果梗弯曲。花期6～7月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：产陕西、甘肃、湖北、四川、云南、贵州、西藏等地。生于山坡林缘、溪边。

【习性】：喜光又耐阴，抗寒，耐旱。对土壤要求不严，一般土壤均可栽培，但宜选择排水良好、肥沃、湿润的砂质壤土栽培。

【繁殖】：分株和扦插繁殖。

【用途】：树形优美，用于观赏。

A spreading deciduous shrub, usually 10 to 20 ft high, but said sometimes to be up to 30 ft; young shoots and leaf-stalks slightly downy. Leaves pinnate, with thirteen to seventeen leaflets which are oblong-ovate to lanceolate, long and slenderly pointed, 2 to 4 in. long, doubly toothed, stellately downy beneath but often only slightly so. Flowers white, 1⁄4 in. wide, produced densely in fine, often pyramidal panicles up to and over 12 in. long, during July.

Native of Central and Western China, introduced by E. H. Wilson in 1908. It is closely akin to S. tomentosa but superior to that species which differs in the hairs beneath the leaves being simple (not clustered). S. arborea has also a shorter calyx-tube and longer stamens. It is the finest of the genus and may be pruned every winter. It likes a good loamy soil and gives finer panicles if top-dressed with manure occasionally.

华北珍珠梅（Sorbaria kirilowii ）

俗名：珍珠梅、吉氏珍珠梅

形态特征

生活型： 灌木；

株： 高达3米；

枝： 小枝无毛；冬芽近无毛；

叶： 羽状复叶具小叶13-21，连叶柄长21-25厘米；小叶披针形至长圆状披针形，长4-7厘米，先端渐尖，稀尾尖，有尖锐重锯齿，两面无毛或下面脉腋具短柔毛，侧脉15-23对，近平行：小叶柄短或近无柄，无毛，托叶线状披针形，无毛；

花： 圆锥花序密集，径7-11厘米，无毛，微被白粉；花梗长3-4毫米；苞片线状披针形，全缘：花径5-7毫米：被丝托钟状，无毛，萼片长圆形，无毛：花瓣白色，倒卵形或宽卵形，长4-5毫米；雄蕊20，与花瓣等长或稍短；花盘圆盘状；心皮5，花柱稍短于雄蕊；

果： 蓇葖果长圆柱形，无毛，长约3毫米，花柱稍侧生，宿存萼片反折，稀开展；果柄直立；

生态习性

国内产地： 河北、河南、山东、山西、陕西、甘肃、青海、内蒙古；

生境： 山坡阳处、杂木林中；

海拔： 200-1300m；

物候期： 花期6-7月，果期9-10月；

Sorbaria kirilowii

Wildflowers

Plants of the World

Kirilow false spiraea

S. kirilowii is a vigorous, thicket-forming shrub with leaves to 30cm in length, composed of lance-shaped, toothed leaflets and, in mid and late summer, bearing terminal panicles to 40cm in length of small white flowers.

一、视频资料

Ⅱ.苹果亚科Maideae

灌木或乔木。单叶或复叶，常有托叶。心皮1～2或2～5，多数与杯状花托内壁连合；子房下位、半下位，1～2或2～5室。果实成熟时为肉质的梨果或浆果状，稀小核果状。

有20属，我国产16属。

分属检索表

1.心皮成熟时坚硬骨质，果实内含1～5小核……………………………………………2

1.心皮成熟时革质或纸质，梨果1～5室，各室有l或多枚种子……………………4

2.叶边全缘；枝条无刺…………………………………………………………………栒子属

2.叶边有锯齿或裂片，稀全缘；枝条常有刺……………………………………………3

3.叶常绿；心皮5，各有成熟的胚珠2枚…………………………………………火棘属

3.叶凋落，稀半常绿；心皮1～5，各有成熟的胚珠1枚……………………山楂属

4.复伞房花序或圆锥花序，有花多朵……………………………………………………5

4.伞形或总状花序，有时花单生…………………………………………………………7

5.心皮一部分离生，伞房花序或伞房状圆锥花序…………………………………6

5.心皮全部合生，圆锥花序；常绿…………………………………………………枇杷属

6.单叶常绿，稀凋落；总花梗及花梗常有瘤状突起；心皮在果实成熟时仅顶端与萼筒分离，不裂开……………………………………………………………………………石楠属

6.单叶或复叶均凋落；总花梗及花梗无瘤状突起；心皮2～5，全部或一部分与萼筒合生，

子房下位或半下位；果期萼片宿存或脱落…………………………………………花楸属

7.各心皮内含4至多数种子；花单生或簇生………………………………………木瓜属

7.各心皮内含1～2粒种子；伞形总状花序…………………………………………8

8.花柱基部合生；果实多无石细胞……………………………………………………苹果属

8.花柱离生；果实常有多数石细胞……………………………………………………梨属

一、栒子属Cotoneaster(B.Ehrh)Medik.

灌木，各部常被毛，无刺。互生单叶全缘。花白色或粉红，单生或簇生短侧枝之顶；萼筒与子房合生，裂片5，小，宿存；花瓣5；雄蕊约20；子房下位。梨果小。

90种，分布于东半球北温带。中国约50余种，分布甚广，但主产地为西南部。

分种检索表

1.匐匍灌木；花单生或2朵并生………………………………………………平枝栒子

1.灌木；花单生或成聚伞花序…………………………………………………2

2.单叶互生，有时排成2列，幼时两面被长柔毛………………………灰栒子

2.叶卵形，幼时背面有柔毛…………………………………………………水栒子

1.平枝栒子(铺地蜈蚣、小叶栒子、矮红子)Cotoneaster horizontalis Dcne.

【形态】：落叶或半常绿匐匍灌木，株高不足2500px。枝条水平开张成整齐两列，呈人字形生长，节位不生根。叶近圆形至倒卵形，厚革质，全缘，表面暗绿色，有光泽，人秋后逐渐变为红色。花小，无柄，粉红色，单生或2朵并生，近无梗。果实近球形，鲜红色。花期5～6月，果期9～10月。。

【分布】：中国特产。原产于我国的四川、云南、贵州、湖南、湖北和秦岭一带。

【习性】：喜光耐半阴，较耐寒，亦较耐干旱。对土壤要求不严。

【繁殖】：扦插及播种繁殖为主，也可秋季压条、分株。

【用途】：平枝栒子枝叶横展，叶小而稠密，花密集枝头，晚秋时叶色红色，远看似一团火球；红果累累，终冬不落，雪天观赏，别有情趣。和假山叠石相伴，在草坪旁、溪水畔点缀，相互映衬，景观绮丽。是布置岩石园、庭院、绿地和墙沿、角隅的优良材料。也可用作绿篱，制作盆景。

Cotoneaster horizontalis 

Common Name(s): RocksprayRockspray Cotoneaster

Description

Rockspray cotoneaster is a coarse, dense, slow-growing, shrub that reaches 2-3 feet tall and 6-8 feet wide. The Latin name which includes horizontalis refers to its horizontal spreading habit.  In its southern reaches, it is semi-evergreen to evergreen. Grows best in well drained, loose, moist, loamy soils soil in full sun to part shade.  It will tolerate poor soil conditions.  Once established, it  will be drought tolerant.  Preferring somewhat cooler temperatures, it may not perform well in locations with hot summers, typically south of zone 7.

Spring blooms give way to abundant showy red fruits. The reddish-purple fall colors are attractive in areas where it is deciduous. The unusual fishbone branch pattern provides year-round interest.

Typically used in rock gardens and slopes and can be trained to rock walls, trellises or fences.

Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems:  Although relatively insect and disease free, lace bug, leaf spot, canker, fireblight and cotoneaster web worm can affect this plant.  Mites can also be an issue in hot, dry locations.  

Its self sowing properties may need to remove seedlings on a regular basis.  

If ingested, the fruits can cause stomach upset.

2.灰栒子(尖叶栒子、萨尔布如木、河北栒子、北京栒子)Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz.

【形态】：灌木，稀有小乔木状。老枝灰黑色，小枝褐色或紫褐色，嫩枝被长柔毛；冬芽小，芽鳞复瓦状排列。单叶互生，有时排成2列，幼时两面被长柔毛，全缘；叶柄短；托叶细小，早落。花单生或成聚伞花序，腋生或生于短枝顶端；花瓣5，白色、粉红色或红色；梨果小，红色、褐红或紫黑色，萼片宿存。花期6～7月，果熟期8～9月。

【分布】：产于中国东北、华北和西北地区。亚洲(日本除外)、欧洲、北非温带地区也有分布。

【习性】：多生长于海拔1400～3700m的高原山区，喜阳，耐干旱，耐贫瘠，耐寒。

【繁殖】：分株或扦插繁殖。

【用途】：宜植于草坪边缘或树坛内丛植，也可作苹果砧木。

A deciduous shrub of bushy habit 5 to 10 ft high, branches often pendulous; young twigs downy. Leaves pointed, ovate-lanceolate to oval, 1 to 21⁄2 in. long, half as wide; dull green, and with scattered hairs above, paler and hairy beneath especially when young; veins in five or six pairs; stalk 1⁄12 to 1⁄8 in. long. Flowers white, three or more together in corymbs; stalks and calyx woolly, lobes of calyx triangular. Fruit reddish at first, finally black, 1⁄3 in. diameter, glabrous; nutlets usually two.

Native of Mongolia, N. and W. China and the E. Himalaya. This is not one of the handsomest of cotoneasters, and is, perhaps, a poor form of C. lucidus (q.v.). There has been much confusion between the two, owing to C. lucidus also having been called C. acutifolius; but from that species the present one is distinguished by its dull green, not shining, more hairy leaves, and its woolly calyx and flower-stalks.

Genus name comes from the Latin words cotoneum meaning quince（温柏） and -aster meaning resembling.

Specific epithet means with sharply pointed leaves.

3.水栒子(栒子木、多花栒子)Cotoneaster multifrus Bunge.

【形态】：落叶灌木，高达4m。枝条细长拱形，小枝红褐色或棕褐色，幼时有毛。托叶线形，早落；叶卵形，幼时背面有柔毛，后变光滑。花白色，6～21朵成聚伞花序，苞片线形，萼筒钟状，萼裂片三角形。果实近球形或倒卵形，红色，具1～2心皮合成的小核。花期5～6月，果期8～9月。

【分布】：产中国东北、华北、西北和西南，亚洲西部和中部其他地区也有分布。

【习性】：喜光稍耐阴，耐寒。对土壤要求不严，极耐干旱和瘠薄，但不耐水淹。生长势很旺，萌芽力强，耐修剪。

【繁殖】：播种和扦插为主，也可压条繁殖。

【用途】：枝条婀娜，花白色美丽，果实红色，经久不凋，是北方地区常见的观花、观果树种。宜作为观赏灌木或剪成绿篱，或丛植于草坪边缘、园路转角、坡地观赏。有些匍匐散生的种类还是点缀岩石园和保护堤岸的良好植物材料。

Cotoneaster multiflorus

Common name: Many-flowered Cotoneaster

Family: Rosaceae

Genus: Cotoneaster

Type: Broadleaf

Native to (or naturalized in) Oregon: No

Broadleaf deciduous shrub, 8-12 ft (~2.5-3.5 m) high, with a greater spread, e.g., 12-15 ft (~3.5-4.5 m), upright then developing a graceful mounding habit with long arching, pendulous slender branches to 3-5 m long.   Leaves alternate, simple, broad-ovate to ovate, 2-8 cm long, tip acute to obtuse, base wedge-shaped to rounded, margin entire, bluish green above, pubescent below at first but soon glabrous (without hairs), yellow fall color; short petiole, 6-12 mm long.  Flowers white, each about 1 cm wide, with 15-20 yellow stamen, 3-12 flowers per cluster (corymb), unpleasant scent, showy.  Fruit fleshy, red, globose, to about 1 cm, contain 1-2 seeds.

Sun, well-drained soil.  Give it room to spread.

Hardy to USDA Zone 4   Native to northwestern China

multiflorus: many flowered.

二、火棘属PyracanthaRoem.

常绿有刺灌木。单叶互生，常有钝齿或锯齿。花多数，排成复伞房花序；萼片和花瓣均5枚；雄蕊1；子房下位，5室，每室有胚珠2颗。梨果小，红色或橘红色，内含5个小硬核。

约10种，分布于欧洲和亚洲。中国有火棘等7种，产西南部和西北部，主要供观赏用。

火棘(火把果、救军粮、红果)Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.)L.

火棘

【形态】：高约3m。枝拱形下垂，幼时有锈色短柔毛，短侧枝常成刺状。叶倒卵形至倒卵状长椭圆形，先端圆钝微凹，有时有短尖头，基部楔形，缘有圆钝锯齿，齿尖内弯，近基部全缘，两面无毛。花白色，10～22朵成复伞房花序。果近球形，橘红色至深红色。花期4～5月；果熟期9～月，延至翌年3月。

【分布】：产于中国华东、华中及西南地区。

【习性】：喜光稍耐阴，有一定耐寒性，耐旱，耐瘠薄，对土壤要求不严。萌芽力强，耐修剪。对氟化氢、二氧化硫抗性较强。

【繁殖】：播种、扦插繁殖。

【用途】：初夏白花繁密，入秋果红如火，在庭园常作绿篱及修成各种形状作基础种植材料，也可丛植或孤植于草地边缘或园路转角处。果枝还是瓶插的好材料，红果可经久不落。

Pyracantha crenatoserrata is a species of Firethorn. It is a short shrub. It is cultivated for its decorative bright red pome（梨果） fruit. The flowers are white. It survives in warm climates. It cannot tolerate frost, but it can withstand drought. This species originates from central China.

Pyracantha fortuneana, Graber’s Pyracantha, is widely known for its use in creating beautiful espalier specimens that bring a sense of formality and drama to any landscape. This pyracantha can also be used as a container specimen, windbreak, or hedge row in the landscape. Its lustrous dark green foliage is evergreen and oval in shape. Each leaf is about an inch long and foliage is beautiful year-round. Graber’s pyracantha blooms profusely with small white flowers in clusters during the spring, attracting a multitude of bees and other pollinators. Before winter arrives, bright red berries forms in clusters and serve as an excellent food source for local and migrating birds. However, you’ll need to take care when handling Graber’s pyracantha: This handsome specimen is armed with thorns that can reach to 1.5-inches long, so you’ll also need to be thoughtful when choosing its location in a landscape. Graber’s pyracantha is drought tolerant once established and can tolerate a good deal of radiant heat from hard surfaces. This pyracantha does best in full sun, but will take light afternoon shade. Keep tip-pruned to maintain a formal shape, espalier or to simply keep plants in-bounds. Though virtually pest and disease free, fireblight can be an issue under the right environmental conditions.

三、山楂属CrataegusL.148火棘

落叶灌木或小乔木，通常具枝刺。单叶互生，通常分裂，有托叶。花为顶生的伞房花序；萼钟状5裂；花瓣5；雄蕊5～25；子房下位，1～5室，中轴胎座。梨果。

约1000种，分布于北温带，北美最盛。中国约有17种，各省均产之，北部常见栽培。

山楂(红果、酸楂、羽裂山楂)CrataeguspinnatifidaBunge.

山楂

【形态】：小乔木，高达6m。植株多分枝，树皮暗棕色，枝条无刺或少刺，小枝紫褐色。叶片三角状卵形或菱状卵形，4～9羽状深裂，裂片卵状披针形，叶面浓绿色有光泽，边缘有稀疏不规则的锯齿；托叶不规则半圆形或卵形，边缘有粗齿。花白色，伞房花序顶生或腋生。梨果近球形，深红色或橘红色、黄色，有较多的浅色小斑点。花期5～6月，果期9～10月。

【变种】：山里红(大山楂)var.majorN.E.Br.，小枝无毛，叶较大而厚，3～5羽状浅裂；托叶大，有锯齿。伞房花序，花白色或稍带红晕。梨果较大，球形，深亮红色，有浅色斑点。

【分布】：中国特产，主产山东，分布东北牡丹江中南部地区、西北、华北、华东、云南、广西等地。朝鲜半岛及西伯利亚地区也有分布。

【习性】：喜光稍耐阴；耐一48.1℃的低温；耐旱，耐涝，耐瘠薄；抗病，抗风。在排水良好、湿润的砂质壤土上生长最好。在低洼和碱性地生长不良。根系发达，萌蘖性强，生长旺盛。

【繁殖】：播种、分株、扦插、嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：树冠整齐，初夏白花点点，秋日红果累累，是观花、观果和园林结合生产的良好绿化树种，可作庭荫树和园路树。宜在公园、坡地孤植或群植，用作城市观果树，也可作绿篱栽培。还可作为山区绿化造林和水土保持林树种。果、根可入药。

Crataegus pinnatifida, also known as mountain hawthorn, Chinese haw, Chinese hawthorn or Chinese hawberry, refers to a small to medium-sized tree, as well as the fruit of the tree. The fruit is bright red, 1.5 in in diameter.

Crataegus pinnatifida 

Common Name(s): Chinese Hawberry、Chinese Hawthorn、Hawthorn、Hawthorne、Mountain HawthornThornapple

Description

Crataegus, or Hawthorn, is a genus of shrub or small tree containing many species and varieties found throughout the Southeast from low swamps and river bottoms to higher mountain ridges. Crataegus pinnatifida, or Chinese Hawthorn, is a species native to Eastern Asia. Unlike most Hawthorns, this species has only a few short thorns and is more open and upright, but it does display the flowers and provide the red berries common to the genus. The edible fruit in particular makes it attractive to birds. The flowers have an unpleasant smell somewhat like decaying fish, which attracts midges, the main means of fertilization. When freshly open, the flowers have more pleasant scent.

Chinese Hawthorn is easily grown and prefers a well-drained moist loamy soil. Once established, it succeeds in excessively moist soils and also tolerates drought and heavy clay soils. It prefers full sun, but will tolerate partial shade, although the amount of sun will determine the quantity of fruit.  Trees grown from seed take from 5 to 8 years before they start bearing fruit; grafted trees often flower heavily in their third year.

四、枇杷属EriobotryaLindl.

常绿灌木或小乔木。单叶互生。花白色，排成顶生的圆锥花序；萼5裂宿存；花瓣5，有柄；雄蕊约20；雌蕊1；子房下位2～5室，每室有胚珠2颗。梨果，种子1至数颗。

约30种，分布于东亚。中国产13种。

枇杷(无忧扇、蜡凡、卢橘)Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.)Lindl.

枇杷

【形态】：因叶片似琵琶而得名。常绿小乔木，高达10m。小枝、叶背及花序均密被锈色绒毛。叶粗大革质，具短柄或无柄，常为倒卵状长椭圆形，先端尖，基部楔形，锯齿粗钝，侧脉11～21对，表面多皱有光泽。花小，5瓣，基部有爪，白色芳香；圆锥花序顶生。梨果球形或长椭圆形，外面有锈色茸毛，黄色或橙黄色。10～12月开花，翌年5～6月果熟。

【分布】：分布于甘肃、陕西、河南及长江流域，南方各地多作果树栽培，浙江塘栖、江苏太湖及福建莆田都是枇杷的有名产地。

【习性】：喜光稍耐侧阴。喜温暖、湿润的环境，较耐寒，冬季花期不低于一5C。对土壤的适应性很强，但喜排水良好、表土富含腐殖质、地下水位低的微酸性或中性土壤。花期忌风，幼果期畏霜冻。抗二氧化硫及烟尘。深根性，生长慢，寿命长。

【繁殖】：播种、嫁接(实生苗或石楠做砧木)繁殖为主，亦可高枝压条。

【用途】：树形宽大整齐，叶大荫浓，特别是冬日白花盛开，初夏硕果累累，可呈“树繁碧玉簪，柯叠黄金丸”之景。在庭院中常作绿篱及基础种植材料，也可丛植或孤植于池畔、亭隅、草地边缘或园路转角处。果枝还是瓶插的好材料，橙红果可经久不落。叶、果可药用。

The loquat is a large evergreen shrub or tree, grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves, which are used to make herbal tea. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant.

Eriobotrya japonica 

Common Name(s): Japanese Medlar、Japanese Plum、Loquat（枇杷）

 Description

A tropical evergreen shrub or tree with alternate, simple leaves that are leathery, veiny, and toothed. The top of the leaf is smooth while the bottom is downy, with short hairs. The plant usually does not fruit in NC due to its cold sensitivity. If the temperature falls below 28 degrees F, blooms or fruit likely will not survive. The tree itself can survive in temps down to about 10 degrees F.

The tree is an accent or screening plant which attracts hummingbirds（蜂鸟） and bees. This plant is resistant to damage by deer and is moderately salt tolerant. It is native to China and Japan, Its leaf texture has winter interest. 

Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems: Fire blight can be troublesome on this tree. The bacterium that causes fire blight, Erwinia amylovora, is spread by rain and insects, such as bees, ants, flies, aphids, and beetles.

Quick ID Hints:

coarsely serrated, wrinkled leaves 6-9" long

3-6" long panicles form in summer

stem, bud, leaves tomentose

Evergreen shrub 15-25' high and wide.

Blooms late fall through winter, coarsely textured, can be used as specimen or as an espalier. 

Prefers moist, well-drained, loamy soil, full sun but will tolerate partial shade. Easy to grow, tolerates alkaline soil, drought, fireblight can be a problem. 

Fruit flesh is edible raw or in jams, jellies, pies, syrups（糖浆）, and marmalades. Fruits are a good source of dietary fibers, vitamin A, B6, and B9. They are also a good source of potassium（钾）, iron, and copper. The fruits have a soft texture and taste similar to apples, although they are not crispy like apples.

五、石楠属PhotiniaLindl.

灌木至小乔木，常绿或落叶。单叶互生，具短柄，常有锯齿；有托叶。花排成顶生伞形、伞房或复伞房花序；萼管钟状，裂片5，宿存；花瓣5；雄蕊约20；子房下位，2～4

室，每室有胚珠l颗。果浆果状，有种子1～4粒。

60种以上，分布东亚、东南亚和北美。中国约40种，产西南部至中部。

分种检索表

1.树干及枝上无刺；叶革质有光泽……………………………………………………石楠

1.树干及枝上有刺；叶革质无光泽………………...…………………………………椤木石楠

1.石楠(石南、枫药、扇骨木、千年红)Photinia serrulata Lindl.

石楠

【形态】：常绿灌木或小乔木，高达4～6m，干皮块状剥落，树冠圆球形。枝叶无毛，枝灰褐色。叶长椭圆至倒卵状椭圆形，表面绿色，幼叶红色；边缘疏生具腺细锯齿，近基部全缘。复伞房花序顶生，小花径6～200px，花瓣白色，近圆形。果实球形，红色，后呈褐紫色，光亮，萼宿存，种皮会自裂。花期4～5月，果期月。。

【品种】：红叶石楠(photinia×fraseri)是蔷薇科石楠属杂交种的统称，也被称为蔷薇科石楠属的栽培品种群，因新梢及新叶鲜红色而得名。在夏季高温时节，红叶石楠的叶片转为亮绿色，在炎炎夏日中给人以清新凉爽的感觉。是全球绿化树种中最为时尚的红叶系列树种，被誉为“红叶绿篱之王”。其栽培变种很多，目前我国花木界常见的红叶石楠有三个品种。红罗宾(RedRobin)、红唇(RedTip)由石楠(P.serrulata)与光叶石楠(P.glabra)杂交而成，是当今世界上主要流行品种，分布于华北大部、华东、华南及西南各省区。鲁宾斯(Rubens)从光叶石楠中选育而成，株型较小，一般高3m左右。叶片相对较小，一般为225px左右，叶片表面的角质层较薄，叶色亮红但亮度程度不如“红罗宾”。耐寒能力强，最低可达一18℃，适合在黄河流域以南的地区栽植。

【分布】：产中国秦岭以南各省，分布于我国淮河以南的平原、丘陵地区，华北地区有少量栽培，多呈灌木状，生长良好。日本、菲律宾、印度尼西亚也有分布。

【习性】：喜温暖湿润及阳光充足的环境，能耐短期一10℃低温，山东等地区能越冬；较耐阴，要求土层深厚、肥沃、排水良好的砂质土壤，也耐干旱瘠薄，能在石缝中生长；不耐水湿。萌芽力强，耐修剪，生长较慢。对烟尘和有毒气体有一定的抗性，且具隔音功能。

【繁殖】：以播种为主，也可扦插、压条、组织培养繁殖。

【用途】：石楠树冠球形，枝叶深密，春季新叶鲜红，人夏满树白花，秋冬又现红果红

叶，为美丽的观赏树种。适于孤植、丛植或作基础种植。低矮的灌木丛可与金叶女贞、红叶小檗、扶芳藤等组成美丽的图案。叶根可入药。南方地区常用作嫁接枇杷的砧木。

Photinia serratifolia, commonly called Taiwanese photinia or Chinese photinia is a flowering shrub or tree in the flowering plants family Rosaceae, found in mixed forests of China, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India.

Photinia serratifolia 

Common Name(s): Chinese Hawthorn、Chinese Photinia光叶石楠、Oriental Photinia

Description

Chinese photinia is a large, broadleaf, evergreen shrub or small tree in the rose family. It grows between 20'-30' tall. It has showy fragrant flowers that bloom in mid-spring. As leaves age, they go from spinose有刺的 to serrate锯齿状的 to crenate圆锯齿状的. Plant has nice, large, red buds. It is the largest and heaviest-blooming of all photinias, although the flowers are somewhat malodorous.难闻的

Plant in the full sun to partial shade with medium moisture well-drained soil. Well established plants tolerate drought but it does not like wet soil or the leaves getting wet. It is also intolerant of alkaline soils. Due to its size, it should not be used in small designs.  They can be grown as a small tree and are easy to transplant. This plant has pest problems but is the most disease-resistant of the genus, being particularly resistant to Entemosporium leaf spot. 

Plant produces a red, globose, berry-like pome that is less than an inch in diameter.

Quick ID Hints:

Large, coriaceous皮的 serrate leaves has 25-40 veins

This plant produces large red buds that are red-colored and emerge from foliage

2.椤木石楠(椤木、倒卵叶石楠、水红树花)Photinia davidsoniae Rehd.etWils.

已更名为：贵州石楠 Photinia bodinieri

【形态】：常绿乔木，高6～15m。幼枝棕色，贴生短柔毛，后紫褐色，老时灰色；树干、枝条有刺。叶革质，长圆形或倒卵状披针形，长5～375px，宽2～125px，顶端有短尖头，基部楔形，边缘稍反卷，有带腺的细锯齿，幼时表面沿中脉贴生短柔毛。复伞形花序花多而密；花白色，花瓣近圆形；花序梗、花柄贴生短柔毛，无皮孔。梨果黄红色，球形或卵形。花期5月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：产安徽南部、浙江、福建、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、陕西、贵州、四川、云南等省区。

【习性】：喜温暖湿润和阳光充足的环境；耐阴，也耐贫瘠、干旱，不耐水湿。对土壤要求不严，酸质土、钙质土上均能生长。萌芽力强，耐修剪。能耐一10℃低温。

【繁殖】：常用播种、扦插和压条繁殖。

【用途】：可作刺篱用。枝繁叶茂，嫩叶鲜红，甚至在整个冬季顶梢还保持着红叶，远看效果尚佳，特别是早春鲜红的嫩叶显得格外醒目，秋冬又有红果，无论是作花篱、色块、绿墙、花柱前景树、丛植池畔湖边，还是植于草坪、大乔木下，高速公路钢、丝网外，或作为中层常绿行道树，无不引人人胜。

Photinia bodinieri is an evergreen tree growing 6 - 15 metres tall.

The tree is sometimes harvested from the wild for local use as a food and timber.

六、花楸属Sorbus L.

落叶乔灌木。单叶或羽状复叶互生，有托叶。花白色，两性，排成顶生伞房花序；萼、瓣各5；雄蕊15～25；心皮2～5，胚珠2颗。小梨果，2～5室。

约80种，中国有50种，产自西南、西北至东北，大部分供观赏用，有些种类可作果树砧木。

分种检索表

1.单叶……………………………………………………………………………………水榆花楸

1.奇数羽状复叶…………………………………………………………………………百华花楸

1.水榆花楸(凉子木、千筋树、粘枣子)Sorbus alnifolia(Sieb.et Zucc.)K.Koch.

俗名：粘枣子、千筋树、枫榆、花楸、黄山榆、水榆、苗榆

【形态】：乔木，高达20m。树皮灰色光滑，小枝具灰白色皮孔，幼时微被柔毛，2年生枝暗红褐色，老枝暗灰褐色；鳞芽卵形红褐色。叶卵形至椭圆状卵形，基部广楔形或微心形，先端短渐尖，缘具不规则重锯齿，有时微浅裂；幼叶两面具疏柔毛，侧脉直达叶缘齿端；托叶披针形细长有齿，早落。复伞房花序有小花6～25朵；花瓣卵形白色；雄蕊短于花瓣；花柱2，比雄蕊短。果实椭圆形，红或黄色，有白粉；残留萼痕圆，明显。花期5月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：分布于长江流域、黄河流域及东北中南部。朝鲜、日本也有分布。

【习性】：耐阴，耐寒。喜湿润排水良好的微酸性或中性土壤。

【繁殖】：播种繁殖。

【用途】：树体高大，干直光滑，树冠圆锥形，叶形美观，春季开花雪白，秋季叶片变黄后转红，果实累累，红黄相问，为优良观赏树种。宜群植于山岭形成风景林，也可作公园及庭院的风景树。果实可食，味酸甜。木材坚韧，可作各种器具、刨床、车辆；树皮可作染料。

Sorbus alnifolia Alder-leafed Whitebeam or Korean Whitebeam, Chinese: 水榆花楸; pinyin: shui yu hua qiu; literally "water elm rowan欧洲花楸", is a species of whitebeam native to eastern Asia in eastern and northern China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan.

Sorbus alnifolia 

Common Name(s): Korean Mountain Ash、Mountain Ash

Description

Sorbus alnifolia, or Mountain Ash, is a moderate to fast growing flowering tree that begins as pyramid-shaped but matures to a more rounded appearance. It grows best in moist, acidic, well-drained soils in full sun. A native of Asia, this tree prefers cool climates and will not grow well in the hot and humid summer conditions south of USDA Zone 7. It generally requires little pruning, but if you are driven to prune, apply your skills from late fall to early spring. It is less susceptible to pest and disease than other Sorbus spp., but is not a good street tree and is not tolerant of air pollution. The plant tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure It is, however, easy to transplant.

Mountain Ash, is noted for its attractive form, creamy white flowers, simple beach-like leaves, red fall fruit and good fall color. Golden orange fall color can be outstanding.

Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems:

Mountain Ash is noted for its resistance to borers that attack other species of mountain ash. It is considered to be one of the best of the mountain ashes because of its pest resistance and form. However, bacterial fireblight can be a severe problem, causing scorched leaves at the branch ends. Scab can cause significant defoliation. Cankers, crown gall, powdery mildew and rust may also occur. Insect visitors include aphids, sawfly and scale. Stressed trees are generally more susceptible to attack from canker and borers.

2.百华花楸(马加木、红果臭山槐、花楸树)Sorbus pohuashanensis(Hance)Hedl.

花楸树为其中文通用名

【形态】：乔木或大灌木，高可达5m。干皮紫灰褐色，光滑，小枝粗壮，灰褐色，具灰白色细小皮孔，幼时被绒毛；鳞芽形大，红褐色，被绒毛。奇数羽状复叶互生，小叶5～7对，卵状披针形，先端急尖，基部圆钝略偏斜，叶缘中部以上具细锐锯齿，两面多少有毛；托叶纸质，宽卵形，宿存。白色两性花呈顶生复伞房花序，花部有毛；雄蕊20枚，与花瓣近等长。梨果近球形，径6～Smm，红色，直立闭合萼片宿存。花期6月，果熟9～10月。

【分布】：东北、西北、华北地区均有野生或栽培分布。

【习性】：喜光稍耐阴，抗寒力强。根系发达，对土壤要求不严，适应性强。但在高温强光之处生长不良，栽种时应予注意。

【繁殖】：以播种为主。

【用途】：枝叶秀丽，冠形多姿，初夏白花。

A small tree in the wild, under 30 ft high, or a shrub; young shoots hairy, becoming reddish brown and glabrous; winter buds ovoid, densely to sparsely coated with white silky hairs, 1⁄4 to 3⁄8 in. long. Leaves up to about 7 in. long including petiole 11⁄4 in. long, with five to seven pairs of leaflets; rachis broadly grooved above, white-hairy. Lateral leaflets oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, mostly 13⁄4 to 21⁄4 in. long, about 5⁄8 in. wide, acute at the apex, more or less oblique at the base, but the basal pair often much shorter and more obtuse than the others, sharply toothed in the upper half or two-thirds (but with coarse, spreading and partly double teeth in a sterile specimen collected by Purdom), glabrous above, undersurface whitish with darker reticulations, sparsely hairy, more densely so on the midrib, becoming nearly glabrous by autumn. Stipules under the inflorescence fan-shaped, toothed, up to about 1⁄2 in. long, sometimes much smaller or even lacking. Inflorescence dense, much branched, up to 5 in. wide, its branches slender, not lenticellate, sparsely to densely white-hairy. Flowers white, opening in May; receptacle sparsely hairy to almost glabrous. Petals broadly ovate, hairy on the inner surface. Stamens about as long as the petals. Fruits red, globose, about 3⁄8 in. wide.

A native of the mountains of northern China; discovered by Dr Bretschneider on the Pohuashan百华山, a mountain about 60 miles west of Peking, in 1874 and introduced by him in 1882. It was reintroduced by Frank Meyer from the Hsiao-Wutai-shan小五台, another of the mountains west of Peking, in 1913.

It is uncertain whether the true species is now in cultivation in Britain; at least there seem to be none that can be traced back to a direct introduction from the wild. Some plants under the name are a form of S. esserteauiana. Others really agree quite well with S. pohuashanensis except in being more robust, but they were apparently first distributed as “S. conradinae”, properly a synonym of S. esserteauiana, which suggests that they were raised from seed of that species, the pollen-parent being probably S. aucuparia. The true S. pohuashanensis is related to both these species, and something very like it might arise from garden crosses between them.

七、木瓜属

落叶或半常绿灌木或小乔木，常有枝刺。单叶互生，托叶大。花单生或簇生；萼片5，常有颜色；花瓣5，大形；雄蕊20或多数排成两轮；子房下位，5室，有胚珠多数，花柱常宿存。梨果肉质，大形，成熟时心皮革质或纸质。

共5种，产于东亚。中国全产之。

分种检索表

1．花簇生；2年生枝有疣状突起，黑褐色…………………………………日本贴梗海棠

1．花单生………………………………………………………………………2

2．枝无刺；萼片有细齿，反折………………………………………………木瓜

2．枝有刺；萼片全缘，直立……………………………………………………3

3．叶卵形至椭圆形，幼时背面无毛或稍有毛，锯齿尖锐…………………贴梗海棠

3．叶长椭圆形至披针形，幼时背面密被褐色绒毛，锯齿刺芒状…………木瓜海棠

1．日本贴梗海棠(倭海棠、日本木瓜)Chaenomeles japonica(Thunb．)Lindl．

通用名：日本木瓜

【形态】：落叶矮灌木，高常不及lm。枝开展，有细刺；小枝粗糙，幼时有绒毛，紫红2年生枝有疣突，黑褐色。叶广卵形至倒卵形或匙形，先端钝或短急尖，缘具圆钝锯两面无毛；托叶肾形，有圆齿。花砖红色，3～5朵簇生。果近球形，黄色。花期3～4果期8～10月。有白花、斑叶和平卧变种。

【分布】：原产日本，中国各地庭园可见栽培。

【习性】：喜充足的阳光，亦耐半阴，稍耐寒。

【繁殖】：繁殖以扦插为主，也可分株、嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：可植于庭院、路边、坡地，也常作盆栽，置阳台、室内观赏。

Chaenomeles japonica 

Common Name(s): Flowering quince、Japanese Flowering Quince

Description

Although Japanese Flowering Quince is a showy, low maintenance shrub, it is typically not available for purchase commercially, as it is not as ornamental as other Chaenomeles cultivars and hybrids. The habit is open and wide spreading with an interlacing network of thorny stems.

The orange to orange-red blooms appear in late winter on bare stems and may remain during the leafing out period.  The bright blooms are complemented by creamy-white stamens.

For the best flowering, locate this plant in full sun.   Pruning should be accomplished in the spring after flowering is complete, as blooming takes place on old wood.  Pruning in the spring will also stimulate growth for more blooms the following year.  Avoid severe pruning.  

This plant spreads by suckers.  Removing them will help control spread it that is not desired.  

The fruits are edible, although have a bitter taste when eaten raw.  They can be used in making jellies and other preserves.

2．木瓜(铁脚梨、木梨、降龙木、光皮木瓜)Chaenomeles sinensis(Thouin)Koehne．

木瓜

【形态】：落叶小乔木，高10m。树皮灰色，片状剥落，新皮光滑，黄褐色。小枝紫红有棘刺状小枝；冬芽半圆形，先端圆钝无毛，紫褐色。叶长圆状卵形，先端急尖，有刺芒状锐锯齿，齿尖有腺点；嫩叶背面被绒毛；托叶具腺齿。花单生于有叶嫩枝的叶腋，淡红、白色或白色带有红彩，芳香，果实如瓜，长椭圆形，长10～375px，暗黄色；果皮木质，芳香。果皮干燥后仍光滑，不皱缩故有光皮木瓜之称。花期4月，果熟期9～10月。

【分布】：主要分布在我国华东及湖北、江西等地，河南、河北也有栽培。

【习性】：喜光照充足，耐旱，耐瘠。要求土壤排水良好，不耐盐碱和低湿地。适于山区坡地栽培，常被选为优良的退耕还林树种。生长较慢。

【繁殖】：以播种繁殖为主，也可压条、扦插或嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：树冠开阔，树皮斑驳可爱，春花烂漫，人秋后金果满树，芳香袭人。宜孤植于庭院前后，对植于门厅人口处，丛植于草坪角隅，或与其他花木相配植。也可矮化盆栽。果香味独特，持久，既可泡酒，又是疗效显著的药材。近年来，木瓜树已成为国内许多高品位的别墅区与私家花园的首选景观树种，相继成为一些名园的镇园之宝。

Pseudocydonia sinensis 

Common Name(s): Chinese QuinceChinese-Quince

Previously known as: Chaenomeles sinensisCydonia sinensis

Description

Leafs out early; bark flakes of to reveal a patchwork of gray, green, orange, brown

Cast light shade; flaking gray-green to brown bark; easy to transplant; long-lived; tolerates wind but not wet soil.

A perfectly pleasing small garden tree, “Chinese Quince” grows from 10-25’ tall, with a twiggy, spreading crown, & an upright but branching habit. Easy to grow and long lived, its charming Spring show of singe, pink flowers is sure to delight. Large, fragrant fruit follows in the Autumn, & is pear-like in size & color, but is only edible in the context of jams. Semi-deciduous, with the leaves turning a brilliant gold when the weather turns, this tree prefers moist soils, & keeps its attractively peeling(剥落、脱落), puzzle-textured bark all year round. Medium-slow growth.

3.贴梗海棠(皱皮木瓜、贴梗木瓜)Chaenomeles spiciosa(sweet)Nakai.

通用名：皱皮木瓜

贴梗海棠

【形态】：落叶灌木，高2m。枝干丛生开展，有枝刺，紫褐或黑褐色；冬芽小，红色无毛。单叶互生，叶卵状椭圆形，先端尖，有不规则尖锐锯齿；托叶大，肾形或半圆形。花3～5朵簇生，单瓣或重瓣，先叶后花或花叶同放，猩红色、绯红、淡红或白色，花梗极短，紧贴于枝干，得名贴梗海棠。梨果球形至卵形，黄绿色，有芳香。花期3～4月，9～10月果熟。

【分布】：原产中国陕西、甘肃、云南、贵州、四川I、广东等省区，缅甸也有。现南北各地均有栽培。

【习性】：喜光，稍耐阴，耐旱，忌水湿。喜温暖，也耐寒，对温度反应很敏感，同一地方，栽在背风向阳的比背阴处要提前4～6天开花。对土壤的要求不严。华北地区能露地过冬。根部有很强的萌生能力，耐修剪。

【繁殖】：分株、扦插、压条、播种、嫁接法繁殖。

【用途】：树姿婆娑，株丛呈半圆形，常先叶开花，或伴有少量的嫩叶，花色艳丽、株形优美，烂漫。

【分布】：原产欧洲东南部、小亚细亚及南高加索一带。现我国东北南部及华北、西北广为栽培。

【习性】：喜光照充足。喜夏季空气干燥、冬季气温冷凉的气候，耐一30℃的低温。对土壤要求不严，在富含有机质、土层深厚而排水良好的砂壤土中生长最好，树龄可达百年以上。对氯气及氯化氢气体抗性较差。

【繁殖】：嫁接繁殖，北方常用山荆子为砧木，华东则以湖北海棠为砧木。

【用途】：春季观花，白润晕红；秋时赏果，丰富色艳。可植于公园、绿地、庭园或列植于道路两侧，赏花食果。在适宜栽培的地区可配置成“苹果村”式的观赏果园。在街头绿地、居民区、宅院栽植一两株，使人们更多一种回归自然的情趣。

Chaenomeles speciosa 

Common Name(s): Common Flowering Quince（榅桲（木梨））、Flowering Quince

Description:

Chaenomeles speciosa, otherwise known as 'Flowering Quince' is a deciduous shrub of the Rosacea family. It is native to China and is relatively easy to grow in spots with well drained soil and medium moisture. It is tolerant of shade but will flower the most if placed in full sun. When mature this plant is mildly drought tolerant.

C. speciosa is a showy plant in multiple ways. Around March and into April it will flower profusely with medium-sized, scarlet-red blooms. Like its common name suggests, this plant is a fruiting shrub and produces quince fruit. These fruits are normally considered inedible right off of the tree due to their being hard and bitter, however, they are used to create preserves and jellies and some people eat them after having them set out to ripen. The fruits are yellow-green in color and around 2.5 inches long. This plant will flower off of old growth and moderation in pruning is recommended if you desire fruit, otherwise, this plant can be pruned heavily. Prune in the spring to shape and to stimulate the growth of flowering spurs for the next year. This will improve the next year's flowering but will reduce fruit production for the current year.

C. speciosa is a tough, hardy plant that would make a great informal hedge.  It is moderately salt-tolerant, and in comparison, C. speciosa is more upright than its relative C. japonica. Dislikes high pH.  It has tangled and dense twiggy growth with spiny branches.

Insects and Diseases: Aphids can be a problem on stressed plants.  Fire blight susceptible.

Quick ID Hints:

Broad, kidney-shaped stipules at leaf bases

Flowers have 5 STALKED petals, appear before leaves

Leaves are on dwarf(小人、侏儒) shoots, alternate first year

Shrubs are usually thorny, have cane（藤条）-like growth

八、苹果属

落叶，稀半常绿乔木或灌木。冬芽具覆瓦状鳞片。叶片边有锯齿或分裂，在芽中为对折状或席卷状，有托叶。伞形总状花序，花瓣白色至粉红色；雄蕊15～50，有黄色花药；子房下位，2～5室；花柱2～5，常在基部合生。果实为梨果，无或有少量石细胞。

约35种，分布于北温带。中国有23种，多数为重要的果树及砧木或观赏树种。

The taxonomy of the genus Malus is very confused - it has been revised on several occasions, with some authors placing species within the genus Pyrus. Recent morphologic work has suggested that Malus be retained as a separate genus based on fully adnate carpels and deeply inferior ovaries, with molecular evidence providing support. However, cultivation, hybridization, and introgression have led to hundreds of species being named within Malus and there is no clear agreement as to the number of accepted distinct species, or indeed the appropriate name for many of them. The genus requires a comprehensive worldwide revision.

All members of this genus contain the toxin hydrogen cyanide in their seeds and possibly also in their leaves, but not in their fruits. Hydrogen cyanide is the substance that gives almonds their characteristic taste but it should only be consumed in very small quantities. Apple seeds do not normally contain very high quantities of hydrogen cyanide but, even so, should not be consumed in very large quantities. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death.

分种检索表

1．萼片宿存、间或脱落………………………………………………3

1．萼片脱落……………………………………………………………2

2．萼片较萼筒长………………………………………………………4

2．萼片较萼筒短或等长………………………………………………5

3．叶缘锯齿圆钝；果扁球形或球形，先端常隆起，萼洼下陷，果柄粗短……苹果

3．叶缘锯齿尖锐；果卵圆形，果梗细长…………………………………海棠果

4．萼片脱落，稀宿存；果球形，红色，萼洼、梗洼均下陷；叶缘齿尖细……西府海棠

4．萼片宿存；果近球形，黄色，基部无凹陷……………………………海棠花

5．花粉红色，萼片先端尖，花柱4～5；叶缘锯齿细钝或全缘…………垂丝海棠

5．花白色，花柱5，罕4；叶缘有细锐锯齿………………………………山荆子

1.苹果Malus pumila Mill．

俗名：西洋苹果、柰、嘎啦、黄元帅苹果

【形态】：落叶乔木，高达15m。于陛较弱，侧枝粗大，小枝幼时密生绒毛，紫褐色。叶椭圆形至卵形，先端尖，缘有圆钝锯齿，幼时两面有毛，后表面光滑。伞房花序，花3～7朵，花白色，未开放时呈粉红至紫红色，开时带红晕；花梗与萼均具灰白色绒毛，萼片长尖，宿存。果实近球形，果梗粗短，成熟时红色、黄色或绿色。花期4～5月，果期6～11月。

【分布】：原产欧洲东南部、小亚细亚及南高加索一带。现我国东北南部及华北、西北广为栽培。

【习性】：喜光照充足。喜夏季空气干燥、冬季气温冷凉的气候，耐一30℃的低温。对土壤要求不严，在富含有机质、土层深厚而排水良好的砂壤土中生长最好，树龄可达百年以上。对氯气及氯化氢气体抗性较差。

【繁殖】：嫁接繁殖，北方常用山荆子为砧木，华东则以湖北海棠为砧木。

【用途】：春季观花，白润晕红；秋时赏果，丰富色艳。可植于公园、绿地、庭园或列植于道路两侧，赏花食果。在适宜栽培的地区可配置成“苹果村”式的观赏果园。在街头绿地、居民区、宅院栽植一两株，使人们更多一种回归自然的情趣。

An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition.

This species is the common cultivated apple. Its hairy sepals wither, but persist on the base of the fruit. The blunt-toothed leaves are hairy beneath. The fruits, called pomes, are edible and widely consumed by insects, birds, insects, and people. The spreading crown produces abundant white-pink flowers in early spring.

2.海棠果(楸子、海红、柰子)Malus prunifolia(Willd.)Borkh.

通用名：楸子

海棠果

形态特征

生活型： 小乔木；

枝： 嫩枝密被短柔毛，老枝无毛；

叶： 叶卵形或椭圆形，长5-9厘米，有细锐锯齿，幼时两面中脉及侧脉具柔毛，渐脱落，仅下面中脉稍具短柔毛或近无毛；叶柄长1-5厘米，嫩时密被柔毛，老时脱落；

花： 花4-10朵，近似伞房花序；花梗长2-3.5厘米，被短柔毛；苞片线状披针形，微被柔毛，早落；花径4-5厘米；被丝托外面被柔毛，萼片披针形或三角披针形，长7-9厘米，两面均被柔毛，萼片比被丝托长：花瓣倒卵形或椭圆形，长2.5-3厘米，基部有短爪，白色，含苞未放时粉红色；雄蕊20，长约花瓣1/3:花柱4(5)，基部具长绒毛，比雄蕊较长；

果： 果卵圆形，径2-2.5厘米，红色，顶端渐窄，稍隆起，萼洼微突，宿萼肥厚，果柄细长；

生态习性

国内产地： 河北、山东、山西、河南、陕西、甘肃、辽宁、内蒙古等省区野生或栽培；

生境： 山坡、平地或山谷梯田边；

海拔： 50-1300m；

Malus prunifolia is a species of crabapple tree known by the common names plumleaf crab apple, plum-leaved apple, pear-leaf crabapple, Chinese apple and Chinese crabapple. It is native to China, and is grown elsewhere for use as an ornamental tree or as rootstock. It reaches from between 3 and 8 meters tall and bears white flowers and yellow or red fruit.

Malus prunifolia is a deciduous tree that usually grows 3 - 8 metres tall, occasionally to 10 metres. The bole can be 5 - 20cm in diameter

The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials. It is also sometimes cultivated or semi-cultivated for its fruit, and is often grown as an ornamental in gardens.

The threats to this species remain unknown. However, there are several known threats to the forests of China, particularly illegal logging and legal deforestation as a result of increasing population pressures and urbanization; air and water pollution are also having a detrimental effect on China's forests. The plant is classified as 'Data Deficient' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

3.山荆子(山定子)Malus baccata(L.)Borkh.

俗名：山定子、林荆子、山丁子

山荆子

【形态】：乔木，高达10～14m；树冠阔圆形。小枝细弱。叶、叶柄、叶脉、花梗与萼筒均无毛。叶椭圆形或卵形，顶端渐尖，基部楔形或圆形，叶缘有细锐锯齿。花白色，伞形花序，集生于小枝顶端。果近球形，红色或黄色。花期4～6月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：产于我国华北、东北及内蒙古。

【习性】：适应性强，耐寒、耐旱力均强。

【繁殖】：播种、扦插、压条繁殖。 生于山坡杂木林中及山谷灌丛中。深根性。

【用途】：春天白花满树，秋季红果累累，经久不凋，甚为美观，可作为庭园观赏树种。果实可酿酒。在东北、华北可做苹果、花红、海棠等的砧木，还可做苹果的抗寒育种材料。

Malus baccata is an Asian species of apple known by the common names Siberian crab apple, Siberian crab, Manchurian crab apple and Chinese crab apple. It is native to much of northern Asia, but is also grown elsewhere as an ornamental tree and for rootstock. It is used for bonsai. It bears plentiful fragrant white flowers and edible red to yellow fruit of about 1 cm diameter.

Usually small tree to 10(–15) m, often with arching branches. Branchlets reddish brown, glabrous. Buds reddish brown, ovoid, scales tomentose at margin. Leaf blade elliptic（椭圆形） or ovate（卵形）, 3–8 × 2–3.5 cm, glabrous or very slightly hairy when young, base cuneate楔形 or rounded, apex（顶、尖） acuminate（锐利的）, margin serrate（锯齿的）; petiole 2–5 cm, with fine hairs at first. Inflorescence a 4–6-flowered corymb（伞形的）, 5–7 cm across; pedicels slender, 1.5–4 cm, glabrous. Flowers fragrant, 3–3.5 cm diameter, in spring (April-June in China, April-May in the UK). Sepals lanceolate（披针形）, 5–7 mm, tomentose above, falling before the fruit is ripe; petals white, obovate（倒卵形）, 2–2.5 cm; stamens 15–20, unequal, about half as long as the petals; styles （花柱）5 or 4, longer than stamens. Fruit bright red or yellow, subglobose近球形, 8–10 mm diameter, the type variety with an obscure scar at apex; September-October in China. .

Distribution  Bhutan China Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang India North East North Korea South Korea Mongolia Nepal Russia E. Siberia

4.西府海棠(小果海棠)Malus micromalus Mal.

俗名：子母海棠、小果海棠、海红

西府海棠

【形态】：落叶灌木或小乔木，是山荆子和海棠花的杂交种。树姿峭立，枝干平滑，紫褐色或暗褐色。小枝紫色，幼枝有细毛。锐，质薄。花3～7朵生于小枝顶端，叶互生，长椭圆形，基部楔形，先端渐尖，缘齿尖花梗略短而不下垂；花初放色浓。

【品种】：红花西府海棠CV.Plena，花深粉红色，重瓣。

【分布】：原产于我国华东、华北部地区，各地有栽培。

【习性】：喜阳稍耐阴，耐寒性强。较耐干旱，但忌水涝。对土壤要求不严，以疏松、富含腐殖质、排水良好的砂质壤土为宜。萌芽力强。

【繁殖】：播种、嫁接、分株、压条、根插繁殖。

【用途】：树姿优美，春天花朵艳丽多彩，秋天红果缀满枝头，是著名的观赏树种。孤植、丛植、对植均相宜。

This is a hybrid of uncertain origin, presumed（假设） to be between M. spectabilis（海棠花） and M. baccata（山荆子）. It has been widely cultivated in China since ancient times where it continues to be used as a rootstock and as an ornamental, in addition to the fruits being eaten fresh or dried (Hanelt 2001; Gu et al. 2003); it is perhaps more or less wild in some areas. From China it was introduced to Japan, probably in the Middle Ages (Iketani & Ohashi 2001), and to Korea. It most resembles M. spectabilis, but can be distinguished by the narrower leaves, the hairy pedicels and calyx, and in the way the calyx is retained on some fruits but not others (Rehder in Sargent 1916).

As an ornamental crab its main virtues are vigour and copious blossom, clear pink from carmine buds. The long-stalked fruits are small, but far from minute. Descriptions of fruit colour range widely, from unambiguous red, or yellow-green, to yellow blushed red and ageing to butterscotch brown (Iketani & Ohashi 2001; Fiala 1994; Bean 1981; Gu et al. 2003; Jacobson 1996); in truth it probably varies with clone and conditions.

It was introduced to Europe from Japanese cultivation around 1845 by Philipp von Siebold, who named it M. spectabilis var. kaido in 1856 (Bean 1981; Jacobson 1996). Later introductions are poorly documented, but include one by Ernest Wilson in 1914, again from Japan (W 7748 – Rehder in Sargent 1916). It is nowadays a very uncommon tree of specialist collections, only occasionally offered by nurseries. There is a venerable example, labelled M. spectabilis var. kaido, in the grounds of Tortworth Court Hotel, Gloucestershire (13 m × 128 cm, 2012 – The Tree Register 2020). In Belgium it is recorded at Arboretum Kalmthout, and in The Netherlands at the Belmonte Arboretum (Plantcol 2020, Belmonte Arboretum 2020).

Fiala (1994) suggests an early introduction to North America; certainly it was commonly planted in the 20th century but largely dropped in the nursery trade by the 1990s (Jacobson 1996). Specimens at the Arnold Arboretum include one from Korean seed received in 1983 (39 cm basal diameter, 2015 – Arnold Arboretum 2020).

5.海棠花(海棠)Malus spectabilis(Ait.)Borkh.

海棠花

【形态】：落叶小乔木。树皮灰褐色，光滑。单叶互生，椭圆形至长椭圆形，先端略为渐尖，基部楔形，边缘有平钝齿，表面深绿色而有光泽，背面灰绿色并有短柔毛，叶柄细长；托叶披针形。花5～7朵簇生，伞形总状花序，未开时红色，开后渐变粉红；多为半重瓣，花瓣椭圆形或倒卵形，基部具短爪。梨果球形，黄绿色。花期4～5月，果期8～9月。

【变种】：我国海棠资源比较丰富，常见栽培的有两个变种：

(1)红海棠var.riversii，花型较大，粉红色，重瓣，叶较宽大。

(2)白海棠var.albi—Plena，花白色或微有红晕，重瓣。

【分布】：原产中国，分布于河北、河南、陕西、甘肃、山东、江苏、浙江、云南及四川等省区。

【习性】：喜阳，耐寒耐旱，但不耐水涝。喜深厚、肥沃及疏松土壤，也适沙滩地栽培，具有抗盐碱耐水湿的特性。在园林庭院栽植中应用较多，一株海棠的花期在10天以上。海棠花对二氧化硫有较强的抗性。

【繁殖】：以嫁接为主，砧木多用楸子和山荆子。也可压条或分株繁殖，播种法仅用于育种。

【用途】：春可观花，冬可观果；花团锦簇，是十分悦目的上等花木。在皇家园林中常与玉兰、牡丹、桂花相配植，形成“玉棠富贵”的意境。宜植于庭前、道旁、池畔，也可作盆景置于客厅，丛植、片植于绿地、风景区，或用多数种类、品种布置成专类海棠园、海棠大道。 明代《群芳谱》记载：海棠有四品。这里所说的四品指的是西府海棠、垂丝海棠、木瓜海棠和贴梗海棠。海棠花开娇艳动人，但一般的海棠花无香味，只有名贵的西府海棠香气怡人，艳冠群芳，是海棠中的上品。

Malus spectabilis is a species of crabapple known by the common names Asiatic apple, Chinese crab, and Chinese flowering apple. It is endemic to China, and native within the Provinces of Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.

Small deciduous tree, ideal for use in small gardens and parks. Long cultivated for it's magnificent display of semi- double pink flowers in mid-spring, that are mildly fragrant. Glossy, bright green oval leaves changing to yellow and orange in Autumn. This tree may take a few years to 'settle down' once planted, before it produces an abundance of flowers. Fertile,well drained soil in full sun. Protect from strong winds.

6.垂丝海棠Malus halliana Koehne.

垂丝海棠

【形态】：落叶小乔木，高达5m。树冠疏散，开展，厚，缘齿细而钝，表面暗绿常带紫晕。花4～7朵簇生于小枝顶端，鲜玫瑰红色，花柱4～5；萼片紫色，先端钝；花梗细长下垂，紫色。果倒卵形，稍带紫色。花期3～4月，果熟期9～10月。

【变种】：

(1)重瓣垂丝海棠var.rarkmanii，花重瓣，色红艳。

(2)白花垂丝海棠var.spontanea，花朵较小，略近白色。

【分布】：原产于中国，山东、四川I、浙江、陕西等省均有分布，尤以四川最盛。

【习性】：喜温暖湿润气候，喜光；耐寒性不强，在北京地区加以围护可露地栽植；耐旱、忌水涝。

【繁殖】：嫁接或分株繁殖。

【用途】：花色艳丽，秋季红黄果实高悬枝间，恰似红灯点点，别具风姿。宜植于小径两旁，或孤植、丛植于草坪上，最宜植于水边，犹。

Malus halliana 

Common Name(s): Hall Crabapple

Description

This crabapple tree has late-season flowering and is moderate disease resistance. Crabapples are usually grown as ornamental flowering trees. The halliana, or Hall, crabapple has edible small, about 1/3 to .5 inch, purple or deep red-orange fruits in the fall.

This tree is frequently damaged by deer. Its branching is dense. Pruning will help with air movement and improved health of the tree.

It can grow in a wide variety of soils. It does best in full sun but can tolerate some shade. 

九、梨属

落叶乔木稀灌木，有时具枝刺。鳞芽圆锥形。单叶互生有托叶。花先叶或花叶同放；伞形总状花序；萼片5，花瓣5，具爪；雄蕊15～30，花药深红或紫色；花柱2～5，离生，子房2～5室，每室2胚珠。梨果，具显著皮孔，果肉多汁，富石细胞，内果皮软骨质；种子黑褐色。

 约25种，分布于亚洲、欧洲、北非。我国14种。

分种检索表

1．叶缘锯齿尖锐或刺芒状…………………………………………………2

1．叶缘锯齿钝；果褐色，径约lcm，花萼脱落，花柱2或3……………豆梨

2．叶缘锯齿刺芒状；花柱4～5；果较大，径50px以上…………………3

2．叶缘锯齿尖锐；花柱2～3；果小，径约]cm…………………………杜梨

3．果黄白色；叶基广楔形…………………………………………………白梨

3．果褐色；叶基圆形或近心形……………………………………………沙梨

1.豆梨(鹿梨、野梨)Pyrus calleryana Decne．

豆梨

【形态】：落叶乔木，高6～8m。树皮褐灰色，粗块状裂。小枝粗壮，灰褐色，幼时有绒毛。叶宽卵形或卵形，顶端渐尖，基部宽楔形，质地略厚，缘有圆钝锯齿，两面无毛；托叶条状披针形无毛。花瓣卵圆形，基部有短爪，白色，6～12朵呈伞形总状花序，无毛；披针形萼片外面无毛，内有绒毛；花柱2，少数3，无毛。梨果近球形，直径l～1．125px，无萼凹，萼片脱落，熟时黑褐色，密生白色斑点，有细长果梗。花期4月，果期8～9月。

【分布】：分布山东、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西等省区。

【习性】：耐涝抗旱，并抗腐烂病，在黏重土上生长良好，南方各省多用作砧木，惟幼苗期生长较慢。

【繁殖】：播种繁殖。

【用途】：早春盛花时节，豆梨满树雪白；秋季叶片渐由绿色变为鲜黄色、橘红色，直至红色亮丽，属于典型的早春观花兼秋相树种。本种抗腐烂病能力较强，对生长条件要求不高，故常用作砧木，与西洋梨亲和力强。根、叶、果实均可入药，果实还可酿酒。木材坚硬，供制粗细家具及雕刻图章用。

2.杜梨(棠梨)Pyrus betulaefolia Bge.

杜梨

【形态】：落叶乔木，高10m。枝上多棘刺。小枝紫褐色，幼枝、幼叶密生灰白色绒毛。叶菱状卵形至长卵圆形，先端渐尖，基部宽楔形，边缘有粗锐锯齿，幼叶两面具灰白绒毛，老叶则仅背面有毛。花白色，伞形总状花序，总轴和花梗密被灰白色绒毛；萼片三角状卵形，白色。梨果卵形，直径约25px，褐色，有淡色斑点。花期3～4月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：分布于亚洲、欧洲东部至非洲北部。在我国分布较广，黄河流域分布较多。

【习性】：喜光，耐寒，耐旱，耐涝，耐瘠薄，虫害能力强。对二氧化硫有较强的抗性。在中性土及盐碱土中均能正常生长。抗病生长较慢，寿命长。

【繁殖】：深根性，播种、压条、分株繁殖均可。

【用途】：树形优美，春季花色洁白，是值得推广的用于街道庭院及公园绿化的好树种。果无食用价值。在北方盐碱地区应用较广，是华北、西北防护林及砂荒造林树种和栽培梨的砧木。木材坚硬，纹理通直，致密，可供雕刻等用；树皮可提制栲胶及作黄色染料，供纸、绢、棉的染色及食品着色用。

3.白梨Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.

白梨

【形态】：落叶乔木，高5～8m。小枝粗壮，幼时有毛。叶卵形或卵状椭圆形，缘有刺芒状尖锯齿，齿端微向内曲，幼时有毛，后变光滑。花朵大，白色。果卵形或近球形，黄色或黄白色，有细密斑点。花期4～5月，果熟8～9月。北方栽培梨为白梨育成的品系，果肉石细胞较少。

【分布】：原产于中国北部，分布于黄河以北地区。栽培遍及华北、东北南部、西北及江苏北部、四川等地。

【习性】：喜光，喜干冷气候，耐寒，对土壤要求不严，耐干旱瘠薄，花期忌寒冷阴雨。

【繁殖】：嫁接繁殖为主。

【用途】：白梨春季“千树万树梨花开”，一片雪白，是园林结合生产的好树种。可列植于道路两侧、池畔、篱边，也可丛植于居民区、街头绿地，成丛成片栽成观果园。木材为优良的家具和雕刻用材。

4.沙梨Pyrus pyrifolia(Uurm.f.)Nak.

沙梨

【形态】：落叶乔木，高15m。小枝幼时被黄褐色长柔毛和绒毛，老枝暗褐色，有稀疏浅黄色皮孔。叶卵状椭圆形或长卵形，边缘有短刺芒状锯齿，顶端幼叶鲜紫红色；托叶早落。花白色，6～10朵呈伞房花序，总花梗和花梗被柔毛；萼裂片三角状卵形，先端渐尖，边缘有腺齿；花瓣卵形；雄蕊长约为花瓣1／2；花柱5，稀4，无毛，约与雄蕊等长。果实近球形，浅褐色，有斑点，顶端下陷，萼片脱落；果肉石细胞较多。花期4～5月，果期8月。

【分布】：原产我国，主要分布于我国长江流域至华南、西南。朝鲜、日本均有栽培。

【习性】：喜光，喜温暖湿润气候，耐旱又耐湿，耐热，抗寒力稍弱。幼苗前期生长快，是南方温暖多雨地区的常用砧木。

【繁殖】：嫁接、组培繁殖。

【用途】：庭院观赏、果树。

Ⅲ.蔷薇亚科Rosoideae

灌木或草本，茎上常具皮刺。多为复叶，有托叶。花托壶状或中央微凸；离心皮雌蕊生于壶内壁，子房上位，心皮1到多数，每心皮有胚珠l或2颗。聚合瘦果或聚合小核果。

分属检索表

1.瘦果或小核果，聚生在扁平或隆起的花托上…………………………悬钩子属

1.瘦果，生在杯状或坛状花托内…………………………………………2

2.有刺灌木或藤本；羽状复叶；瘦果多数，生于坛状花托内…………蔷薇属

2.无刺落叶灌木；单叶……………………………………………………3

3.叶互生；花黄色，5基数，无副萼，心皮5～8，各1胚珠……………棣棠属

3.叶对生；花白色，4基数，有副萼，心皮4，各2胚珠………………鸡麻属

2.38.13悬钩子属Rubus L.

直立或攀缘状灌木，常有刺。羽状或掌状复叶互生，稀单叶。花两性，单生或成聚伞花序、总状花序、圆锥花序，通常白色；萼5深裂宿存，常有等数副萼；花5瓣下位；雄蕊多数而分离；心皮数至多个，有胚珠l颗，成熟时聚集于花托上而成一浆果状聚合果。

约500种，广布于全球，主产地为北温带。中国约150种，南北均有分布，长江以南各省尤盛。

分种检索表

1.直立灌木；单叶互生……………………………………山楂叶悬钩子

1.蔓生小灌木；羽状复叶…………………………………荼縻

1.山楂叶悬钩子(牛叠肚、蓬垒悬钩子、托盘、马林果)Rubus crataegifolius Bge.

俗名：野婆婆头、牛迭肚、蓬蘽悬钩子、马林果、托盘、蓬虆、山楂叶悬钩子、覆盆子

通用名：牛叠肚

【形态】：落叶直立灌木，高1～2m。枝具弯曲皮刺；小枝黄褐色至紫褐色，无毛，具直立针状皮刺，微具棱角。单叶互生，叶片卵形至长圆状卵形，边缘常为3～5掌状浅裂至中裂，先端渐尖，基部心形或近截形，表面无毛，背面沿叶脉具疏柔毛或近无毛，叶缘有不规则缺刻状锯齿；托叶线形，基部与叶柄合生，早落。花白色，数朵簇生于枝顶或成短总状花序，或1～2朵腋生。聚合果近球形，暗红色，无毛，有光泽。花期5～6月，果期8～9月。

【分布】：分布于东北、内蒙古、河北、山西、河南、山东等省区。

【习性】：喜光；不耐水湿；耐寒性强，能耐轻霜及短期0℃左右的低温，忌冰雪。

【繁殖】：播种、嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：观花、观果，作绿篱。果也可药用。

Rubus crataegifolius, also called Korean raspberry悬钩子、覆盆子, is a species of raspberry native to East Asia. It is a shrub growing to 1–2 m tall. The leaves are 5–12 cm long and 5–8 cm broad, palmately lobed with three or five lobes, and a serrated margin. The flowers are 1–1.5 cm diameter, with five white petals. The fruit is an aggregate（聚合） fruit 1 cm diameter, made up of numerous drupelets小核果. The species grows on forest margins and mountain slopes, in areas with moist and well-drained soil.

Native of China, Korea, and Japan. The epithet crataegifolius is only appropriate to the small leaves of the flowering twigs; on the barren, first-year stems they are more like those of a vine or maple, and in good soil are sometimes of very large size – 8 to 12 in. across.

2.荼縻(悬钩子蔷薇、山蔷薇、独步春、佛见笑、雪梅墩)Rubus commersonii Poir.

【形态】：落叶或半常绿蔓生小灌木。茎绿色，有棱，有钩状刺。羽状复叶，小叶5～7，椭圆形，全缘，上面有多数侧脉致成皱纹；托叶与叶柄贴生。花白、黄或红色，有芳香，背面被柔毛，重瓣，伞房花序。果近球形，深红色。花期4～5月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：产于陕西秦岭南坡以及湖北、四川、贵州、云南等各省区。

【习性】：喜温暖向阳，耐旱，怕涝。

【繁殖】：以地下茎压条或扦插繁殖。

【用途】：花枝茂密，花繁香浓，人秋后果色变红。宜作绿篱，也可孤植于草地边缘，其藤蔓若以高架引之，可成垂直绿化的优良观赏花木。果可生食或加工酿酒。根含鞣质，可提取栲胶。花是很好的蜜源，也可提炼香精油。

Rubus rosifolius (Rose-leaf Bramble)（空心泡）

Scientific name：Rubus rosifolius Sm. Ex Baker

Synonyms

Rubus roseasifolius Sm.; Rubus commersonnii Poir.; Rubus coronarius; Rubus eustephanos var. coronarius; Rubus rosaefolius Smith; Rubus rosifolius Smith var. coronarius Sims; Rubus rosifolius var. commersonii; Rubus rosifolius var. rosifolius

Common names：Thimbleberry

Origin：The Himalayas, East Asia and eastern Australia.

Naturalised distribution (global)

Locations within which Rubus rosifolius is naturalised include tropical Asia, south-eastern USA, northern Australia, Swaziland and some oceanic islands with warm climates.

Introduced, naturalised or invasive in East Africa

Rubus rosifolius is considered to be naturalised in parts of Kenya and invasive in Tanzania (Tropical Biology Association 2010).  (Global Invasive Species Database). In Kenya, R. rosifolius has been recorded in highlands Aberdares, Machakos and Nairobi. The editors are not aware of records of the presence of R. rosifolius in Uganda, though this does not necessarily mean that it is absent from this country.

Habitat

This is garden ornamental that is spreading along stream banks at 1400-1700 m altitude in Aberdares, Machakos and Nairobi. This species invades savanna, coastal bush, disturbed grass land, forest margins, roadsides and riverbanks. Rubus rosifolius is moderately shade and drought intolerant and prefers moist fertile soil and colonises disturbed sites and forest gaps.

Description

Rubus rosifolius is a prickly herb, scrambler or sub shrub.

Leaves are once compound and the leaflets are ovate (egg-shaped with broad end at base)-elliptic, narrowed to a point.

Leaves have prickles as well as toothed margins, with glandular-hairs on both sides of leaflets.

The stems are hairy with a few prickles.

R. rosifolius bears white flowers solitary or in a panicle, with 5 petals and sepals 7-10 mm long and shorter than the flower petals.

Flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects, in particular honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).

R. rosifolius fruits profusely. The fruit is a scarlet-red drupe, about 10-20 mm long and rather juicy and it easily separates from the receptacle. Plants in habitats which are moist all year round produce fruit all year.

2.38.14蔷薇属Rosa L.

直立、丛生或攀缘灌木，多数被有皮刺或有针刺和刺毛。奇数羽状复叶互生，小叶边缘有锯齿，托叶贴生或者生于叶柄上。花瓣5，稀4，覆瓦状排列，白、黄、粉至红色，单生或成伞房状，花盘环绕萼筒口部。瘦果木质，着生在肉质萼筒内形成蔷薇果。

约有200种，广泛分布亚洲、欧洲、北非、北美寒温带至亚热带地区。中国有80余种，

南北各省皆有分布。

分种检索表

1.托叶离生或近离生，早落…………………………………………2

1.托叶至少有一半与叶柄合生，宿存………………………………3

2.茎几无刺；花小，成多花伞形花序，白色或淡黄色，浓香………木香

2.花大，单生新枝顶端，白色，有芳香………………………………金樱子

3.花柱短，聚伞状花序，若单生花梗上必有苞片；茎多直刺及刺毛；

小叶厚而表面皱…………………………………………………………玫瑰

3.花柱伸出花托口外甚长………………………………………………4

4.花柱合成柱状，约与雄蕊等长托叶边缘蓖齿状萼片有毛，花后反折…野蔷薇

4.花柱离生或半离生，长约为雄蕊之半…………………………………5

5.花单生…………………………………………………………………黄刺玫

5.花单生或簇生呈花序…………………………………………………6

6.小叶3～5(7)，叶较厚、大，表面有光泽；花淡香至浓香………现代月季

6.小叶3～5，叶相对较小，薄，光滑；花微香……………………月季

1.木香(木香藤、七里香)Rosa banksiae Ait.

俗名：七里香、木香、金樱、小金樱、十里香、木香藤

通用名：木香花

【形态】：落叶或半常绿攀缘灌木。树皮为青绿色，后变红褐色，呈薄条状剥落。小枝绿，光滑近无刺。羽状复叶，小叶3～5(7)，卵状披针形或椭圆形，叶缘有细锯齿；托叶线形，与叶柄离生，早落。伞形花序顶生，花小，常为白色，单瓣或重瓣，芳香清远；萼片卵形，无毛，全缘。果近球形，红色。花期4～5月，果熟期9～10月。

【变种】：

(1)单瓣白木香var.normalis，花白色，单瓣。

(2)重瓣白木香CV.Albo—plena，花白色，重瓣，

芳香气浓，3～15朵排成伞形花序，也有花单生的。常为3小叶。花期5～6月。

 (3)黄木香花f.1utea。花重瓣，淡黄色，香味较淡，常为5小叶。

(4)单瓣黄木香f.1utescens，花黄色，单瓣。

(5)大花白木香f.fortuneana，花白色，香浓。

【分布】：亚热带树种，原产我国西南部，现各地广泛栽培。

【习性】：喜光，稍耐阴，较耐寒，不畏热。忌潮湿积水，适生于肥沃而排水良好的砂质土壤，在过湿处生长不良。萌芽力强，耐修剪。

【繁殖】：通常用播种、压条或嫁接法，扦插繁殖较难成活。

【用途】：木香花繁枝绿，黄褐相间；花香馥郁，果子红艳，是花篱、棚架、花墙、花门的常用材料，也可作盆花或植于窗外院落以观花赏果。

2.金樱子(糖罐子、刺头、倒挂金钩、黄茶瓶)Rosa laevigata Mich.

俗名：油饼果子、唐樱苈、和尚头、山鸡头子、山石榴、刺梨子

【形态】：蔓性灌木，无毛。老枝绿带紫色，新枝褐色，除有倒钩状皮刺外，密生细刺。羽状复叶，小叶3，少数5，卵形，有细锯齿，两面无毛，背面沿中脉有细刺，革质，有光泽；叶柄、叶轴有小皮刺或细刺；托叶条状披针形，和叶柄分离，早落。花大，单生枝顶，白色，有芳香，基部有一膨大呈瓶状的花序托，花柄和萼筒外面密生细刺。蔷薇果近球形或倒卵形，橙红色，外面密生刺毛，顶端有长而外反的宿存萼片。花期5月，果期9～10月。

【分布】：主产于我国华东、华南、西南及陕西等省区。

【习性】：喜光，喜温暖、湿润环境，对土壤要求不严，性强健。多野生于向阳的山坡、路边、沟边及山间岩石缝隙的灌木丛中，也可栽培。

【繁殖】：用播种和扦插繁殖。

【用途】：可孤植修剪成灌木状，也可攀援墙垣、篱栅作垂直绿化材料。果实味甜可食，并可以熬糖或酿酒，还可药用。

Rosa laevigata 

Common Name(s): Cherokee Rose

Description

Not native to North Carolina but has naturalized here; spreading, arching canes; climbing; semi-evergreen; vigorous; numerous hooked prickles; glossy dark green leaves. Works well grown on a trellis or fence or sprawling over a wall though be aware of high traffic areas as it is quite prickly (thorny).   Prune as needed in the late winter can be pruned into a 6 foot shrub.   Water deeply and regularly (mornings are best). Summer mulch helps retain moisture, keeps roots cool and discourages weeds.

A climbing shrub, growing over the branches of trees in the wild state, its stems armed with hooked prickles, sometimes mixed with needles on the branchlets. Leaves trifoliolate, but sometimes with five leaflets on cultivated plants, brilliantly glossy green and quite glabrous. Leaflets shortly stalked, elliptic or ovate, simply toothed, 11⁄2 to 4 in. long, about half as wide, of thick, firm texture. Stipules free from the petiole for most of their length, the free part soon deciduous. Flowers 3 to 4 in. across, pure white, fragrant, solitary, borne on a very bristly stalk, the bristles extending to the receptacle and usually to the backs of the sepals, which are 1 in. or more long, with leafy tips. Fruits red, 3⁄4 in. wide, thickly set with bristles, the sepals persisting at the top for a long time. Bot. 

Native of S. China and Formosa, extending into the former Indochina and probably Burma; cultivated outside its natural range from an early date and naturalised in the southern USA. It was in fact first described in 1803 from specimens collected in Georgia, where it had been in cultivation since about 1780. According to Aiton, Philip Miller had it in the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1759 but, if so, it must have been lost. It is not known to have flowered in Britain until about 1825.

One of the most beautiful of all single roses when seen at its best, it is, unfortunately, too tender for the open air except in the warmer counties. Elsewhere it can only succeed in exceptionally sheltered sunny corners.

For hybrids of R. laevigata see ‘Anemone’, in the second part, p. 171; ‘Marie Leonida’, mentioned under R. bracteata, the other parent; and R. × fortuniana, in alphabetical order.

3.黄刺玫(黄刺莓、破皮刺玫、刺玫花)Rosa xanthina Lindl.

黄刺玫

【形态】：落叶直立丛生灌木，高3m。树皮深褐色，具直立刺，刺基部稍扁。枝开展，细长小枝呈褐色或褐红色，与叶柄常有成对的皮刺。奇数羽状复叶，小叶7～13枚，缘有钝锯齿；托叶小，下部与叶柄连生。花单生，黄色，单瓣或重瓣。果球形，红黄色。花期5～

6月，果期7～9月。

【变种】：单瓣黄刺玫f.normalis，花瓣为单瓣。原产于我国陕西等省。

【分布】：广布于我国华北、东北、西南及西北各省区天然林区。现各地广为栽培。

【习性】：喜光，稍耐阴；耐干旱和瘠薄，不耐涝；耐寒力强。对土壤要求不严，喜疏松、排水良好的微酸性砂壤土。根系强大，萌芽力强，抗病能力较强。耐平茬：

【繁殖】：北方地区以嫁接和扦插为主，单瓣花为种子繁殖。

【用途】：黄花绿叶，绚丽多姿；株丛大，花色金黄，花期长。可广泛用于道路、街道两旁绿化和庭院、园林美化，也可在海拔较低、雨量较多、土壤疏松的中下坡大面积种植。

A shrub up to 12 ft high, with a uniform armature of straight or slightly curved prickles, which are abruptly or gradually narrowed from a broad base, and sometimes much flattened on sterile growths; in some forms the branches are sparsely armed. Leaflets five to thirteen, obovate, oval or almost orbicular, edged with simple, rather coarse teeth, upper surface glabrous or sometimes hairy, especially along the midrib, underside hairy, more rarely glabrous. Stipules narrow. Flowers usually solitary, bright yellow, about 11⁄2 in. wide, double in the typical form, borne in early June. Pedicels usually less than 1 in. long, smooth (more rarely glandular). Sepals glabrous or nearly so, to about 5⁄8 in. long. Styles hairy. Fruits globular to broadly ellipsoid, red or maroon, soon falling, crowned by the erect, spreading or reflexed sepals.

R. xanthina was described by Lindley in 1820 from a Chinese painting in Lambert’s library, and his description is so short that it can be quoted here: ‘A rose with all the appearance of R. spinosissima(密刺蔷薇) except in having no setae and double flowers the colour of R. sulphurea’. These words are quite enough to establish the species, since it is precisely the yellow flowers and the absence of bristles from the shoots that distinguishes R. xanthina from R. pimpinellifolia. There is the further difference that the fruits are black or dark purple in R. pimpinellifolia, red or brownish red in R. xanthina.

Typical R. xanthina, as portrayed in the Chinese painting, has double flowers and later proved to be a common garden plant in N. China and Korea. There is no record of its introduction to western gardens before 1907, when F. N. Meyer sent seeds to the Arnold Arboretum, collected near Peking, from which both double- and single-flowered plants were raised, which first flowered in 1915. It is uncommon in British gardens. The double-flowered rose distributed by Smith of Newry as early as 1915 under the name R. xanthina appears to have been a hybrid of R. spinosissima with double flowers.

4.野蔷薇(刺花、多花蔷薇)Rosa multiflora Thunb.

俗名：蔷薇、多花蔷薇、营实墙蘼、刺花、墙蘼、白花蔷薇、七姐妹

【形态】：落叶攀援灌木，高可达2m。枝细长，具钩状皮刺，无毛。羽状复叶，小叶5～9(11)，倒卵状圆形或椭圆形，近无毛；托叶2／3以上与叶柄合生，边缘具单锐锯齿，表面近无毛，背面淡绿色，被柔毛或先端线状披针形，边缘蓖齿状分裂并有小腺毛；叶柄与叶轴均被柔毛、腺毛，并疏生小皮刺。花白色，圆锥状伞房花序。蔷薇果球形，褐红色，光滑，萼片脱落。花期5～7月，果期8-9月。

【变种】：

(1)粉团蔷薇var.cathyensis Rehd.et Wils.，花型较大，单瓣，粉红或玫瑰红色，多花簇生呈伞房状。花柄有腺毛，叶较大。

(2)荷花蔷薇var.carnea Thory，花重瓣，粉色至桃红色，多数簇生。

(3)七姊妹vat.platyphyii Thory，叶通常较小。花重瓣，深粉红色，常7～10朵簇生，具芳香。

(4)白玉堂cv.Albo-plena，花白色，重瓣，常7～10朵簇生，有淡香。

【分布】：分布于我国华北、西北、华东、华中及西南，朝鲜、日本也有分布。

【习性】：喜光，耐半阴，耐寒，对土壤要求不严，在黏重土中也可正常生长。耐瘠薄，忌低洼积水。性强健，以肥沃、疏松的微酸性土壤最好。对有毒气体的抵抗性强。

【繁殖】：分株、扦插和压条或播种繁殖。

【用途】：疏条纤枝，横斜披展，叶茂花繁，色香四溢，是良好的春季观花树种，适用于花架、长廊、粉墙、门侧、假山石壁的垂直绿化。根、叶、花、果可入药。

Rosa multiflora

Common Name(s): Multiflora Rose

This plant is an invasive species in North Carolina

Description

Multiflora rose is a deciduous shrub in the Rosaceae family.  It was brought to the USA from Asia as a rootstock for many roses and its planting was encouraged as a shrub that would attract wildlife, help with erosion, and be used as a "living fence" to contain livestock.  It is a rapidly growing climbing, rambling shrub that can reach heights of 10' to 15' feet.  The branches are covered in sturdy curved prickles and it can easily form dense thickets in meadows, fields, or forest edges. 

The Multiflora Rose can be distinguished from other rose species by the fringed stipules at the base of each leaf.  The flowers are also small and white, compared to many wild Rosa species' pink flowers.  It can also be easily mistaken for various species of brambles (Rubus sp.) due to similar growth habits and prickles– these can be distinguished by the presence of red or purple stems in Rubrus species where the Multiflora Rose is consistently green.

There are virtually no herbivores that feed on this plant; that, coupled with its prolific seed production, its ability to colonize by rooting stem and to leaf out earlier than native plants in the spring, make it a fierce competitor.  

5.玫瑰(穿心玫瑰)Rosa rugosa Thunb.

【形态】：落叶直立灌木，高2m。灰褐色枝粗壮，密生刚毛及倒刺。羽状复叶互生，小叶5～9枚，椭圆至椭圆状倒卵形，锯齿钝，叶质厚，叶面光亮皱褶，下面有柔毛及刺毛，略被白霜，网脉明显，有腺点；托叶与叶轴基部合生，有细齿；叶柄与叶轴有绒毛和刺毛。花单生或3～6朵簇生，紫红色，香气浓郁。果扁球形，橙红色。花期5～8月，果期6～

9月。

【变种】：

(1)白玫瑰var.alba W.Robins，花白色，单瓣。

(2)重瓣白玫瑰var.alba—plena Rehd.，花白色，重瓣。

(3)红玫瑰var.rosea Rehd.，花玫瑰红色。

(4)重瓣紫玫瑰var.plena Reg.，花玫瑰紫色，重瓣，香气浓郁，各地广泛栽培。

【分布】：原产于亚欧干燥地区及我国华北、西北、西南等地，现全国各地均有栽培。

【习性】：喜气候温暖和阳光充足、雨量适中的环境。耐寒，耐旱，怕水涝。适宜在肥沃、疏松、排水良好的轻壤土或壤土栽种。忌黏土，忌地下水位过高或低洼地。萌芽性强，生长迅速。

【繁殖】：分株、扦插、嫁接繁殖，砧木用多花蔷薇较好。

【用途】：花色艳香浓，是著名的观花闻香花木。在北方园林应用较多，江南庭园少有栽培。可植花篱、花境、花坛，也可丛植于草坪，点缀坡地，布置专类园。风景区结合水土保持可大量种植。很多城市将其作为市花，如沈阳、银川、拉萨、兰州、乌鲁木齐。山东省平阴为全国闻名的“玫瑰之乡”。

Rosa rugosa 

Common Name(s): Rugosa Rose

Description

Rugosa rose is drought and salt spray tolerant. It may sucker and form colonies, so be careful when planting because these plants can take over the garden. It withstands heavy pruning and is resistant to damage by deer due to the prickly stems.

  6．月季(月月红、长春花)Rosa chinensis Jacq．

俗名：月月花、月月红、玫瑰、月季

通用名：月季花

月季 

 【形态】：常绿或半常绿直立灌木。树干青绿色，老枝灰褐色，上有弯曲皮刺，也有几乎无刺的。羽状复叶，小叶3～7枚，广卵圆形至卵状椭圆形，有锯齿，叶片光滑无毛；托叶与叶柄合生，全缘或具腺齿，顶端分离为耳状。花单生或成伞房花序、圆锥花序；花瓣5或重瓣，单色或复色，不少品种具浓郁的香味。果实近球形，成熟时为橙红色。花期5～11月，果熟9～11月。

【变种】：

(1)月月红(紫月季)var.semperf10rens(Curtis)Koehne，茎较纤细，常带紫红晕，有刺或近无刺。小叶较薄，带紫晕。花为单生，紫色或深粉红色，花梗细长而下垂。品种有铁瓣红、大红月季等。

(2)绿月季var.viridif10ra(Lav.)Dipp，花淡绿色，花瓣呈带锯齿的狭绿叶状。

(3)小花月季var.minima Voss，植株矮小多分枝，高一般不超过625px。叶小而窄。花也较小，直径约75px，玫瑰红色，重瓣或单瓣，宜作盆栽盆景材料。

(4)变色月季f.mutabilis Rehd，花单瓣，初开时浅黄色，继变橙红、红色。另外，还有香水、藤本、微型、丰花、壮花等栽培品种。

【分布】：原产湖北、四川、云南、湖南、江苏、广东等省，现除高寒地区外世界各地均有栽培。

【习性】：适应性强，耐寒耐旱，对土壤要求不严，但以富含有机质、排水良好的微带酸性砂壤土最好。喜光，但过多强光直射又对花蕾发育不利，花瓣易焦枯。喜温暖、空气流动的环境。生长最适温度白天15～26。C，夜间10～15。C。有连续开花的特性。能吸收硫化氢、氟化氢、苯、苯酚等有害气体，同时对二氧化硫、二氧化氮等有较强的抵抗能力。

【繁殖】：多用扦插或嫁接法繁殖。还可用分株及播种法繁殖。

【用途】：月季花色艳丽，花期长，是我国重要花卉之一。是花坛、花境、花带、花篱栽植的优良材料。在草坪、园路、角隅、庭园、假山等处配植也很合适，又可作盆栽及切花用，还可作专类园。

Fortunately, the Chinese rose has the same status among native Chinese flowers and its cultivation has a long history which can be traced back 2000 years, to the period of the Han Dynasty (141–87 bc), when wild roses were seen everywhere in the gardens of the imperial palace.

Rosa chinensis 

Common Name(s): China Rose

Description

Drought tolerant. These plants are frequently damaged by deer.

A shrub of variable habit, of moderate size or dwarf in its cultivated state, semi-scandent(攀缘的) or tall and laxly branched in its putative（一般认定的） wild states; branches armed with scattered, hooked and somewhat flattened prickles. Leaflets three or five, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 21⁄4 in. long, sometimes tinged（略带的） with purple when young, serrated, glabrous and glossy above, underside glabrous except for the sometimes downy midrib（中脉）. Petiole and rachis（叶轴、花轴） prickly and somewhat glandular（有腺体的）-bristly. Stipules narrow, persistent. Flowers single or semi-double, varying in colour from light pink to crimson（深红的） or crimson scarlet, solitary or in corymbs; pedicels variable in length, smooth or glandular, with a pair of narrow bracts at the base. Receptacle ellipsoid to globular, smooth or glandular; sepals with a few lateral appendages, reflexed at flowering-time and soon deciduous, glandular or smooth on the back. Disk thickened, more or less conical（圆锥形的）. Styles somewhat exserted伸出的、突出的, distinct, glabrous.

R. chinensis is essentially a race of garden roses. The type of the species, and all the forms that later found their way to Europe, are the result of more than a thousand years of mutation, intercrossing, and selection in the gardens of China. From the wild roses that are believed to have given rise to them they differ in their more modest, even dwarf, habit; and in their capacity, apparently not shared by their wild ancestors, of producing successive crops of flowers on the same stem – whence the Chinese name, which means Monthly Roses.

There can be no doubt that the China roses were bred from spontaneous forms that grow wild in the mountains of China, The first of these to become known to science was found by Augustine Henry in 1884 in the glens（峡谷） of Ichang, Hupeh (Gard. Chron., Vol. 31 (1902), p. 438). This rose agrees in most of its essential characters with typical R. chinensis, but differs in its much more robust, scrambling habit and in the shorter, stouter（粗壮的） pedicels. The flowers, according to Henry, vary from crimson to pink. They are solitary, and are borne on short laterals from the previous season’s wood, as in R. gigantea. Henry’s rose, and similar ones found by Wilson, were given botanical status by Rehder and Wilson as R. chinensis f. spontanea. A similar rose, but with dark crimson flowers, was collected by Dr Rock in Kansu.

7.现代月季(大花月季、杂种月季)Rosa hybrida CVS.

【形态】：常绿或半常绿直立灌木，通常具钩状皮刺。小叶3～5(7)，叶较厚、较大，表面有光泽；叶柄和叶轴散生皮刺和短腺毛，托叶大部附生在叶柄上，边缘有具腺纤毛。花蕾多卵圆形，花形丰富，复瓣至重瓣，淡香至浓香，常数朵簇生，罕单生，径约125px，深红、粉红至近白色。连续开花，而以5～6月及9～10月为盛花期。

【品种】：现代月季(R.×CVS.)是月季的四个原生种与欧洲蔷薇经多次杂交、长期选育而成的四季开花、品种众多的杂种月季品种群，被誉为花中皇后。当今现代月季品种多达l万多个，其品种之多，名列世界各类花卉前茅。大致分为以下六大类型。

 (1)杂种茶香月季类(大花月季)Hybrida Tea Roses(HT.)，株型匀称健美，枝叶清新光洁，每1枝条开花1朵。花朵硕大，色彩丰富艳丽，姿态优美，花期长，适宜盆栽和切花等，是最受人们欢迎的一类。优秀品种有“墨红”、“和平”、“明星”、“香云”、“林肯”、“红双喜”、“十全十美”等。

(2)丰花月季类F10ribunda Roses(F1.)，既有长花梗、较大花径和美丽花型，又有耐寒性强、开花聚球、花多的优良特性，但其花径小于杂种香水月季。优良品种有“魅力”、“法国花边”、“引人人胜”、“欧洲百科全书”等。

(3)壮花月季类Grandif10ra Roses(Gr.)，能连续大量开花，但花径略小于杂交香水月季而大于聚花月季，花重瓣，瓣数能多达60片以上。优秀品种有“伊丽莎白女王”、“东方欲晓”、“金色太阳”、“茶花女”、“红钻石”等。

(4)藤蔓月季类Climbing Roses(C1.)，一般具有2～6m长藤，能依附它物生长，花繁叶茂，生长旺盛，抗病力强，宜作垂直绿化。优秀品种有“汉德尔”、“多特蒙德”、“火焰”、“曙光”等。

(5)微型月季类Mimiature Roses(Min.)，株矮叶小，枝叶细密，花朵纤巧秀丽，多为重瓣，四季勤开，易于栽培，适作盆栽。优秀品种有“红宝石”、“满天星”、“小姐妹”、“婴儿五彩缤纷”、“小墨红”等。

(6)地被月季类Mimiature Roses(Min.)，一般指分枝特别开张披散或匍匐地面的类型，是很好的地被植物材料。优秀品种有“梅郎珍珠”、“皇家巴西诺”等。

【分布】：原产湖北、四川、云南、湖南、江苏、广东等省，现各地普遍栽培。

【习性】：对环境适应性颇强，我国南北各地均有栽培，对土壤要求不高，但以富含有机质、排水良好而微酸性(pH6～pH6.5)土壤最好。喜光，但过于强烈的阳光照射又对花蕾发育不利，花瓣易焦枯。

【繁殖】：多用扦插或嫁接法繁殖。砧木用野蔷薇、白玉棠等。

【用途】：花色艳丽，花期长，是园林布置的好材料。宜作花坛、花境及基础栽植用，还可在草坪、园路角隅、庭院、假山等处配植，又可作盆栽及切花用。

2.38.15棣棠属Kerria DC.

落叶灌木。单叶互生，托叶锥尖早落。花两性，单生，金黄色；萼片5，小，全缘；花瓣5，有时重瓣；雄蕊多数；花盘环状；心皮5～8，每个有胚珠1枚，花柱纤细。瘦果干小。只有棣棠1种，产自日本和中国。

棣棠(棣棠花、麻叶棣棠、黄榆梅、蜂棠花、黄度梅)Kerria Japonica(L.)DC.

俗名：土黄条、鸡蛋黄花、棣棠、山吹

以通用名：棣棠花

棣棠

【形态】：高1.5m。小枝绿色，无毛，有棱。叶三角状卵形，先端渐尖，基部近圆形，边缘有重锯齿，表面鲜绿色，无毛或疏生短柔毛，背面苍白或沿叶脉、脉间有短柔毛。花金黄色，顶生于侧枝上，花柱与雄蕊等长。瘦果褐黑色。花期4～5月，果期7～8月。

【变种】：重瓣棣棠花var．pleniflora花、枝、叶秀丽，花重瓣，花期4～9月。

【分布】：原产中国华北至华南及日本。

【习性】：喜温暖湿润和半阴环境，较耐寒，对土壤要求不严，以肥沃、疏松的砂壤土生长最好。野生者多在乔木林下。

【繁殖】：分株、扦插和播种法繁殖。

【用途】：枝叶翠绿细柔，金花满树，别具风姿，宜丛植于水畔、坡边、林下和假山旁；也可用于花丛、花径和花篱，群植于常绿树丛之前、古木之旁、山石缝隙之中，或池畔、水边、溪流及湖沼沿岸成片栽种；还可栽在墙隅及管道旁，有遮蔽之效。

Kerria japonica, commonly known as Japanese rose or Japanese kerria, Japanese ヤマブキ Yamabuki Chinese 棣(棠花) Dì is a deciduous shrub in the rose family Rosaceae, native to China, Japan and Korea. It is named after William Kerr, who introduced the cultivar 'Pleniflora'. It is the sole species in the genus Kerria.

Kerria japonica 

Common Name(s): Japanese KerriaJapanese RoseKerria

Description

Japanese kerria is a deciduous shrub in the Rosaceae (rose) family that grows natively from central and southern China to southern Korea and Japan. It has upright, arching, slender stems that form a broad, dense, twiggy（小枝繁茂的） mass, reaching 7 feet tall and up to 9 feet wide. 

Japanese kerria is meant for the shade garden, as its flowers fade in full sun. This plant requires loamy, well-drained soil of medium fertilization. Avoid high fertilization, because it becomes weedy. This plant also tends to become leggy and therefore requires heavy pruning as necessary. 

Place Japanese kerria as an accent plant or specimen in a butterfly or children’s garden. It also works well in a drought tolerant garden, as it is resistant to drought as well as deer. 

Quick ID Hints:

Deciduous shrub with cane-like growth

Leaves are plicate（有褶的）; stems are green, zig-zag, and shiny

Solitary, terminal bright yellow flowers that are 1 to 1.5 inches

Flowers are five-petaled or double and spherical

2．38．16鸡麻属Rhodotypos Sieb et Zucc．

落叶灌木。单叶对生。花单生；萼片4，大而有齿，基部有互生的副萼4；花瓣4，白色；心皮4，各有胚珠2枚，成熟时变为黑色的小核果，为大而宿存的萼所围绕。

仅1种，产自日本和中国，供观赏用。

鸡麻(白棣棠)Rhodotypos scandes Mak．

【形态】：高约2m。老枝紫褐色，小枝初为绿色，后变为浅褐色。叶卵形或卵状椭圆形，叶面具皱折，疏生柔毛，背面有丝毛；叶缘下凹，缘具重锯齿。花白色，花瓣4，单生于当年生小枝顶端；萼片卵形，副萼披针形。核果斜椭圆形，黑色，光亮。花期4～5月，果熟

9～10月。

【分布】：产中国东北南部、华北、西北、华中、华东等地区；日本也有分布。

【习性】：喜光耐半阴，耐寒，耐旱，耐瘠薄，怕涝；耐修剪，萌蘖力强。

【繁殖】；播种、分株、扦插繁殖均可。

【用途】：叶清秀美丽，适宜丛植于草地、路旁、角隅或池边，也可植山石旁；花洁白美丽，多种植于树丛周围，作花境、花篱；也可在园路转角、草平边缘、墙隅丛植。

Rhodotypos scandens 

Common Name(s): Black Jetbead、Jetbead、Jetberry Bush、White Kerria

 This plant has high severity poison characteristics.

 This plant is an invasive species in North Carolina

Description

Black jetbead is a deciduous ornamental shrub in the Rosaceae (rose) family that was introduced to the United States from eastern Asia in 1866. The name comes from the Greek word rhodon which means rose and typos meaning type, the species name scandens means to climb.  The form is loosely multi-branched and mounded to somewhat arching but it can appear unkept and ragged in the landscape and can quickly reach a height of up to 6 feet tall.  It grows from full sun to partial shade in a wide variety of soil types including clay as long as they are well-drained.  

Four petaled showy white flowers appear in late spring to early summer and are followed by shiny black fruits that appear in groups of four in the fall and last throughout the winter months.  

It is drought and pollution tolerant, adaptable to urban and shade conditions, and is very cold hardy.   Black jetbead escapes cultivation and invades forests and forms a thick shrub layer causing native plants to be displaced.   Due to its rapid growth and weedy tendencies it should not be planted in the landscape, consider native alternatives listed in the right column.

Ⅳ.李亚科Prunoideae

乔木或灌木，无刺。单叶，有托叶。心皮1，极稀2～5，子房上位，1室内含2悬垂胚珠，花柱顶立。果实为核果，成熟时肉质，多不裂开或极稀裂开。

一、李梅属Prunus L.

落叶乔木或灌木。单叶，通常为披针形，叶缘有锯齿，叶基常具腺体；托叶小，早落。子房上位，雌蕊由1个心皮组成。核果。

约200种，主产于北温带。我国约140种，各省均产。

分种检索表

1.果实外面有沟槽………………………………………………………2

1.果实外面无沟槽；具顶芽，叶在芽中对折状………………………8

2.腋芽单生，顶芽缺，叶在芽中席卷状………………………………3

2.腋芽3，具顶芽，叶在芽中对折状…………………………………6

3.子房和果实无毛，花具较长花梗……………………………………4

3.子房和果实被短毛，花多无梗………………………………………5

4.花常3朵簇生，白色；叶绿色………………………………………李

4.花常单生，粉红色；叶紫红色……………………………………红叶李

5.小枝红褐色；果肉离核，核不具点穴……………………………杏

5.小枝绿色；果肉粘核，核具蜂窝状点穴…………………………梅

6.乔木或小乔木；叶缘为单锯齿……………………………………7

6.灌木；叶缘为重锯齿，叶端常3裂状……………………………榆叶梅

7.萼筒有短柔毛；叶片中部或中部以上最宽，叶柄有腺体…………桃

7.萼筒无毛；叶片近基部最宽，叶柄常无腺体……………………山桃

8.花单生或少数成短总状花序，苞片常显著………………………9

8.花多数，排成长总状花序，花序总梗基部无叶…………………山桃稠李

9.腋芽3；灌木…………………………………………………………10

9.腋芽单生；乔木或小乔木…………………………………………13

10.花近无梗，花萼筒状；小枝与叶背密被绒毛…………………毛樱桃

10.花具中长梗，花萼钟状…………………………………………11

11.叶卵状长椭圆形至椭圆状披针形，先端急尖，基部广楔形，锯齿细钝……麦李

12.叶卵形至卵状披针形，先端渐尖，基部圆形，锯齿重尖………………郁李

13.苞片小而脱落，叶缘重锯齿尖，具腺而无芒；花白色；果红色………樱桃

13.苞片大而常宿存，叶缘具芒状重锯齿……………………………………14

14.先花后叶，花梗及萼均有毛，花萼筒状，下部不膨大………………日本樱花

14.花与叶同时开放，花梗及萼均无毛……………………………………15

15.花无香气，叶缘齿无芒或有短芒；花色淡红或白色，花形较小，花梗无毛………樱花

15.花有香气，叶缘齿端有长芒………………………………………日本晚樱

1.李(李子树、李子、玉皇李)Prunus salicina Lindl.

李（诗经）　山李子（河南），嘉庆子，嘉应子（南京），玉皇李（北京）

【形态】：落叶小乔木，高达10m。树皮灰黑色粗糙。小枝灰褐色，无毛，稍有光泽。叶长倒卵形或倒披针形，基部楔形，先端短渐尖，具细钝重锯齿，两面无毛或两面沿中脉有柔毛，背面脉腋有簇柔毛；托叶线形无毛，早落；叶柄无毛，稀无腺体。花白色，2～4朵簇生，花瓣基部具短爪，先端圆钝。果实卵球形至球形，直径2～100px，栽培品种可达175px，基部梗洼下陷，先端微尖，腹缝明显，外被白粉，无毛，黄色至红色，有时绿色或紫色；果肉多汁，肥厚，果核微具皱纹。花期3～4月，果期7～8月。

【分布】：原产我国西北，现国内外均有栽培。

【习性】：喜光，耐半阴，耐寒，不耐干旱，对土壤要求不严。适应性较强，生长迅速，结果期早，果实耐贮藏。耐修剪。但花期早，在寒冷地区易受早霜侵害。对二氧化硫的抵抗性差。

【繁殖】：嫁接、分株或播种繁殖。

【用途】：宜植于庭园、窗前、崖旁、村旁或风景区。果实可鲜食、造酒或制蜜饯、果干等。核仁药用，有活血去痰的功效。亦为较好的蜜源植物。

Prunus salicina, commonly called the Japanese plum or Chinese plum, is a small deciduous tree native to China. It is now also grown in fruit orchards in Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Israel, the United States, and Australia.

Prunus salicina 

Common Name(s): Chinese PlumJapanese Plum

Description

Japanese Plums are small flowering trees that bloom earlier in the spring and their fruits ripen earlier in the summer than European plums.  They also typically require fewer chilling hours than European plums to set fruit.  

Cultivars of this tree dominate the market for plums in this and other countries and tend to have larger fruits.

2.红叶李Prunus cerasifera f.Atropurea Jacq.

通用名：紫叶李

俗名：红叶李、真红叶李

【形态】：落叶小乔木。干皮紫灰色，小枝带紫绿色，幼枝、叶片、花柄、花萼、雌蕊及果实都呈暗红色。单叶互生，叶卵形至倒卯形，基部圆形，边缘有重锯齿，两面无毛或背面脉腋有毛，色暗绿或紫红；叶柄光滑多无腺体。花单生或2～3朵聚生，粉红色。果近球形，暗酒红色。花期3～4月，果期6～7月。

【分布】：樱桃李(P.cerasifera Ehrh.)的观赏变型。原产亚洲西南部，我国园林中常见栽培。

【习性】：暖温带阳性树，喜温暖湿润的气候；抗旱，较耐湿，怕盐碱和涝洼；对土壤要求不严，以排水良好的砂质壤土最为有利。浅根|生，萌蘖性强，对有害气体有一定的抵抗性。

【繁殖】：华北多以杏或山桃作砧木嫁接，也可插条繁殖。

【用途】：叶自春至秋呈红色，尤以春季最为鲜艳，花小，白色或粉红色，是良好的观叶园林植物。可丛植、孤植于草坪角隅和建筑物前，或以浅色叶树为背景树，更能烘托出叶色美的特性；与常绿树植，则绿树红叶相映成趣。

Prunus cerasifera is a species of plum known by the common names cherry plum and myrobalan plum. It is native to Southeast Europe and Western Asia, and is naturalised in the British Isles and scattered locations in North America. Also naturalized in parts of SE Australia where it is considered to be a mildly invasive weed of bushland near urban centers.

Prunus cerasifera 

Common Name(s): Myrobalan PlumPurple Leaf Flowering PlumPurple Leaf Plum

 This plant has low severity poison characteristics.

Description

The purple leaf plum is a short-lived ornamental tree grown for its attractive purple foliage. It is a shrubby twiggy tree with a rounded crown and spreading branches often vase-shaped with dense foliage.  It is adaptable to many soil conditions but needs full sun.  Plant as a specimen, in a border or a small group as a screen or hedge.   This small flowering tree is a great addition to a Japanese garden or a cottage garden.

Poison Severity:Low

Poison Symptoms:Stems, leaves, seeds contain cyanide, particularly toxic in the process of wilting: brick red mucous membranes, dilated pupils, difficulty breathing, panting, shock.

Poison Toxic Principle:Cyanogenic glycosides

Causes Contact Dermatitis:No

Poison Part:Leaves、Seeds、Stems

3.杏(杏花、杏树、北梅)Prunus armeniaca L.

【形态】：落叶乔木，树冠圆整。树皮黑褐色，不规则纵裂。小枝红褐色。单叶互生，叶176杏宽卵形或卵状椭圆形，先端突渐尖，基部近圆或微心形，钝锯齿，背面中脉基部两侧疏生柔毛或簇生毛；叶柄带红色，无毛。花两性，单生，白色至淡粉红色，径约62.5px，萼紫红色，先叶开放；花梗极短。核果黄白色或黄红色，密被柔毛，核平滑。花期3～4月，果期6月。

【分布】：原产我国新疆，主产于秦岭一淮河以北、东北各省，是北方常见的果树。其栽培历史长达2500年以上，黄河流域各省为其分布中心。

【习性】：喜光，喜干燥气候，能抗一40℃的低温，亦耐高温。耐旱，抗盐性较强，不耐涝，喜深厚、排水良好的砂壤土、砾壤土。对氟化物污染敏感。深根性，根系发达，寿命长达300年。成枝能力较差，不耐修剪。为低山丘陵地带的主要栽培果树。

【繁殖】：播种繁殖。优良品种要用实生苗或李、桃等作砧木嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：早春开花，先花后叶，宛若烟霞，是我国北方主要的早春花木。可与苍松、翠柏配植于池旁湖畔或植于山石崖边、庭院堂前，极具观赏性。宜群植或片植于山坡，可作北方大面积荒山造林树种。

Prunus armeniaca is the most commonly cultivated apricot species. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation. Genetic studies indicate Central Asia is the center of origin. It is extensively cultivated in many countries and has escaped into the wild in many places.

Prunus armeniaca 

Common Name(s): Ansu Apricot、、ApricotArmenean Plum、Siberian Apricot、Tibetan Apricot

 This plant has high severity poison characteristics.

Description

Prunus armeniaca is a deciduous tree cultivated in gardens as a fruit tree; it is the most commonly cultivated species of apricot.  Its leaves are alternate, simple, toothed on the margin, with 2 small glands at base of blade.  The fowers are usually solitary, 5-parted, and are white or pinkish.  The edible fruit is a fleshy drupe with a large pit (stone), yellow to reddish in color.

Poison Severity:High

Poison Symptoms:

HIGHLY TOXIC, MAY BE FATAL IF EATEN! Gasping, weakness, excitement, pupil dilation, spasms, convulsions, coma, and respiratory failure. Laetrile from the seeds is a dangerous, controversial treatment for cancer. Stems, leaves, seeds contain cyanide, particularly toxic in the process of wilting: brick red mucous membranes, panting, shock.

Poison Toxic Principle:Cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin

Poison Part:Leaves、Seeds、Stems

Hybrids

Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., is a member of the Rosaceae family, along with apple, pear, peach, and other stone fruits. The apricot is found in the Prunophora subgenus within Prunus along with plums. Hybrids between plums and apricots have been produced recently which are said to be finer fruits than either parent. A “Plumcot” is 50% plum, 50% apricot; an “Aprium” is 75% apricot, 25% plum; and the most popular hybrid, the “Pluot” is 75% plum, 25% apricot.

ORIGIN OF THE PRUNUS ARMENIACA, HISTORY OF CULTIVATION

The center of diversity of the apricot is northeastern China near the Russian border (in the Great Wall area). From there it spread west throughout central Asia. Cultivation in China dates back 3000 years. The Romans introduced apricots to Europe in 70-60 BC through Greece and Italy. Apricots probably moved to the US through English settlers on the East Coast, and Spanish Missionaries in California. For much of their history of cultivation, apricots were grown from seedlings, and few improved cultivars existed until the nineteenth century. Cultivars vary among countries, and in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Syria, a great deal of the production is from seedling orchards. Cultivation in the USA was confined to frost-free sites along the Pacific slope of California, due to early bloom but relatively high chilling requirement, and fungal disease problems in humid climates. Now, most of the production in California is in the San Joaquin valley.

4.梅(梅花、一春梅、干枝梅、梅子)Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.

俗名：垂枝梅、乌梅、酸梅、干枝梅、春梅、白梅花、野梅花、西梅、日本杏

【形态】：落叶小乔木，常具枝刺。干褐紫色，多纵驳纹。小枝呈绿色或以绿为底色，无毛。单叶互生，卵圆形，有细锯齿。花1～2朵簇生，有香气，无梗或具短梗，淡粉、红色或白色，径2～75px，有芳香，早春先叶而开，萼片5枚，多呈绛紫色；花瓣5枚，常近圆形；雄蕊多数，心皮1，子房密被柔毛，罕为2～5(离心皮)或缺。

【品种与变种】：梅花按种性分为3系5类18型。

(1)真梅系，梅之嫡系，品种最多，而香气好，适应最低温度一10℃，在黄河以南可露地越冬。枝直上或斜生，花、果、枝、叶均较典型，又分3类：

①直枝梅类，有江梅型、宫粉型、玉蝶型、绿萼型、朱砂型、洒金型、黄香型等；②垂枝梅类，枝自然下垂或斜垂，俗称垂枝梅，有单粉垂枝型、残雪垂枝型、白碧垂枝型、骨红垂枝型等；③龙游梅类，枝天然扭曲。

(2)杏梅系，品种次于真梅系，香气淡或无，但最耐寒。梅与杏的种间杂种，种性介乎二者之问，而枝、叶较似杏，花型也类杏，花托肿大，花期甚晚，单瓣至重瓣，多数几无香味。又可分为单杏型、丰后型和送春型。

 (3)樱李梅系，品种最少，但紫叶红花，重瓣大朵，可观叶，也较耐寒。杏梅系及樱李梅系可耐一30～一25℃的低温。

 【分布】：原产中国，野梅首先演化成果梅，是观赏梅系果梅的一个分支。主要以长江流域及西南地区栽培为盛。

  【习性】：喜温暖而稍湿润的气候，宜在阳光充足、通风凉爽处生长。稍耐寒、耐碱，畏涝，能耐旱。对土壤要求不严，以排水良好、肥沃的壤土为最好。在年降雨量1000mm或稍多地区可生长良好。抗性较强，为长寿树种。

 【繁殖】：常用嫁接法繁殖，砧木多用梅、桃、杏、山杏和山桃。

 【用途】：世界著名的观赏花木，尤以风韵美著称。每当冬末春初，疏花点点，清香远溢，在园林、绿地、庭园、风景区可孤植、丛植、群植等；也可在屋前、坡上、石际、路边自然配植。若用常绿乔木或深色建筑作背景，更可衬托出梅花玉洁冰清之美。在中国与松、竹并称为“岁寒三友”，苍松是背景，修竹是客景，梅花是主景。古代强调“梅花绕屋”、“登楼观梅”等，均是为了获取最佳的观赏效果。另外，梅花可布置成梅岭、梅峰、梅园、梅溪、梅径、梅坞等。

Prunus mume is an East Asian and Southeast Asian tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunus subgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum, Japanese plum, and Japanese apricot. The flower, long a beloved subject in the traditional painting and poetry of East Asia and Vietnam, is usually called plum blossom. This distinct tree species is related to both the plum and apricot trees. Although generally referred to as a plum in English, it is more closely related to the apricot. In East Asian cuisine and Vietnamese cuisine, the fruit of the tree is used in juices, as a flavouring for alcohol, as a pickle and in sauces. It is also used in traditional medicine.

Prunus mume 

Common Name(s): Japanese ApricotJapanese Flowering Apricot

Description

The Japanese flowering apricot is an ornamental deciduous, rounded tree.  There are over 300 cultivars of this to brighten up any winter landscape when very few other trees are in bloom. Its cultivars include white, pink, rose, and red flowering in single and double forms. It always blooms in January and February in shades of white, pink and red on naked branches. It is similar in habit and appearance to some of the smaller flowering cherries that bloom a bit later in the season. Expect a small tree with a rounded branch structure reaching 20 feet or so. This winter wonder is not fussy about soil as long as it is well-drained. Better growth and flower bud set in soils with a bit of extra organic matter and that are acidic; especially if your soil is very sandy. Full sun is a must for the flowering apricot. Even small amounts of shade will the reduce flower bud set. As the tree develops, lower branches are often shaded to the point that they die.

It can be challenging to find in garden centers. The Japanese have been playing with this plant long enough to have more than 250 named varieties, but the choices in our neck of the woods are much smaller. ‘Peggy Clarke’ is a popular selection that bears double flowers in a deep-rose shade. ‘Kobai’ has red, semi-double flowers on a vigorous plant. Weeping selections such as ‘W.B. Clarke’ (double pink flowers) and several white-flowered forms are available.  Most flowering apricots have at least some fragrance.

Other members of this genus that bloom just after Japanese flowering apricot  include Prunus ‘Okame’, ‘Snowgoose’ and ‘Dreamcatcher’ flowering cherries and the hybrid plum called ‘Blireana’.

Quick ID Hints:

Stems shiny and green

Petioles have glands

Rose-Pink winter blooms on naked branches.

Leaves broad-ovate, sharply serrate, long acuminate

5.榆叶梅(小桃红、鸾枝、榆梅)Prunus triba Lindl.

【形态】：落叶灌木，高5m，其叶似榆，花如梅，故名“榆叶梅”。干枝为紫褐色或褐色，直立，粗糙剥裂，小枝细长，冬芽3枚并生。单叶互生，叶宽椭圆形或倒卵形，先端渐尖或3浅裂，基部宽楔形，边缘有不等的粗重锯齿，表面具稀毛或无毛，背面被短柔毛；托叶线状。花梗短，花单瓣、半重瓣、重瓣，粉色至浅紫红色，单生或1～2朵生于叶腋。核果红色，近球形，有毛。花期4～5月，果期7月。

【品种】：常见栽培变种有重瓣榆叶梅CV.Plena，花重瓣，粉红色。其变种枝短花密，满枝缀花，故又名“鸾枝”。

【分布】：原产中国北部，现今南北各地几乎都有分布。

【习性】：喜光，稍耐阴；耐寒，在一35。C的条件下能安全越冬。耐轻盐碱，对土壤要求不严，以中性至微碱性而肥沃、疏松的土壤为佳。耐旱力强，不耐水涝，有较强的抗病力。

【繁殖】：用播种、扦插和嫁接法繁殖。嫁接砧木多用山杏、山桃和榆叶梅实生苗。..

【用途】：花繁色艳，十分绚丽，可丛植于草地、路边、池畔或庭园，与柳树搭配种植或与常绿树做背景栽植，其花色明丽突出，春色满园；也可做切花和盆栽。

Prunus triloba, sometimes called flowering plum or flowering almond, a name shared with Prunus jacquemontii, is a shrubby cherry, sometimes becoming a small tree. The flowers are pale pink or white, and the fruit are red and "pubescent", i.e. with soft hair. It originates from China but is popular around the world as an ornamental.

A deciduous shrub or small tree 12 to 15 ft high, young shoots usually glabrous. Leaves ovate or obovate, 1 to 21⁄2 in. long, 3⁄4 to 11⁄4 in. wide; tapering at both ends, irregularly, doubly, and rather coarsely toothed; slightly hairy beneath. Flowers pinkish white, 3⁄4 to 1 in. across, produced singly or in pairs (sometimes more) from each bud of the previous year’s shoots; calyx glabrous, 1⁄5 in. long, with shallow, rounded lobes. Fruits covered with pale down when quite young; not seen mature by me, but said to be red, 1⁄2 in. wide, globose and downy. Bot. Mag., t. 8061.

'Multiplex'

flowers 1{1/2} in. across, of a delicate rose, very double. leaves more obovate than in the type, often more or less three-lobed towards the apex. a.g.m. 1935.Prunus triloba is a native of China, and the double-flowered variety was introduced by Fortune in 1855; it was upon this that Lindley founded the name.It is the most popular and beautiful form of the species, flowering in the greatest profusion about the end of March or early in April. It is seen at its best against a south wall, where it should be pruned once a year as soon as ever the flowers are faded, cutting the blossoming twigs close back. Shoots 1 to 2{1/2} ft long are then made, which flower the following year. It may be grown in the open ground, but does not flower so profusely there; it is also very extensively used for forcing early into bloom for greenhouse decoration. The single-flowered wild plant was of later introduction, but is by no means so exquisite a shrub as the other, neither do the flowers last as long. The form known in gardens as ‘Petzoldii’ has ovate, not trilobed leaves.Propagated by cuttings of firm wood or by layers. Plants worked on the plum stock are often troublesome because of suckers.

6.桃(桃花)Prunus persica(L.)Batsch.

俗名：桃子、粘核油桃、粘核桃、离核油桃、离核桃、陶古日、油桃、盘桃、日本丽桃、粘核光桃、粘核毛桃、离核光桃

【形态】：落叶小乔木，高3～8m。小枝红褐色或褐绿色，无毛，芽密生灰白色绒毛。叶椭圆状披针形，叶缘细钝锯齿，先端渐尖，基部宽楔形，叶柄顶端有腺体；托叶线形，有腺齿。花单生，先叶开放，粉红色，罕为白色，近无柄，花萼密生绒毛。核果卵球形，表面密生绒毛，果肉白色或黄色，离核或粘核；种子扁卵状心形。花期3～4月，果期8～9月。

【变种】：

(1)碧桃var.duplex Rehd.，花淡红，重瓣。

(2)白花碧桃f.alba-plend Schneid.，花白色，重瓣。

(3)红花碧桃f.camelliaenora Dipp.，花深红色，重瓣。

(4)洒金碧桃f.versico10r Voss，花复瓣或近复瓣，

花为白色或微带红丝，间有一枝或数枝花为粉红色，也有l花或1花瓣白色与粉红色各半。长圆形花瓣，花枝红褐色。

(5)紫叶桃f.atropurpurea Schneid.，叶为紫红色，花单瓣或重瓣，淡红色。

(6)垂枝碧桃var.pendula Dipp.，枝下垂，花重瓣，花色有深红、洒金、淡红、纯白多种。

(7)寿星桃var.densa Mak.，树形矮小紧密，节间极短，花大，多重瓣，花期较晚。有红花寿星桃和白花寿星桃等品种，适宜盆栽。

【分布】：原产于中国甘肃、陕西高原地带，全国都有栽培。

【习性】：适应性强，喜光，不耐阴，喜排水良好的砂质壤土。耐干旱，耐贫瘠、盐碱，须排水良好，不耐积水及地下水位过高，有一定的耐寒力。

【繁殖】：嫁接、播种为主，亦可压条繁殖。

【用途】：“桃之天天，灼灼其华”，桃花烂漫芳菲，妩媚可爱，是园林中重要的春季花木。孤植、丛植、列植、群植于山坡、池畔、山石旁、墙标、草坪、林缘，构成三月桃花满树红的春景。最宜与柳树配置于池边、湖畔，“绿丝遇碧波，桃枝更妖艳”，形成“桃红柳绿”之动人春景。桃花还宜作盆栽和桩景。

Prunus persica 

Common Name(s): Nectarine、Peach

This plant has high severity poison characteristics.

Description

A deciduous fruit tree with many cultivars that provide excellent fruit.

Insects, Diseases and Other Plant Problems:  Subject to peach tree bores

Poison Part: Wilted leaves, twigs (stems), seeds

Poison Delivery Mode: Ingestion

Edibility: Fruit edible raw or cooked

Severity: HIGHLY TOXIC, MAY BE FATAL IF EATEN!

Found in: Landscape and orchards as a cultivated fruit tree

Perhaps there is no summer treat quite as sweet and juicy as a ripe peach, plucked right off the tree. The species name, "persica," refers to the origins of this delightful fruit tree, from Persia（波斯） and the Mediterranean region. Fragrant, white flowers bloom before leaf-out; later, masses of small, green, furry fruit begin to appear, growing straight off the branches and twigs (cauliflorus fruits). Thin these fruits to foster the growth of one or two per shoot. When ripe fruits appear, harvest them quickly before birds, squirrels, or marauding porcupines feast upon them.

7.山桃＆(野材＆、山毛移K、花秽＆)Prunus davidiana(Carr.)Franch.

俗名：苦桃、陶古日、哲日勒格、野桃、山毛桃、桃花

【形态】：落叶小乔木，高达10m。干皮紫褐色，有光泽，常具横向环纹，老时纸质剥落。冬芽无毛。叶狭卵状披针形，长6～250px；锯齿细尖，稀有腺体。花淡粉红色或白色，果球形，径75px，肉薄而干燥，淡黄色，密被短柔毛，核表面具纵横沟纹和孔穴。花期3～4月，果期7月。

【品种】：

(1)白花山桃CV.Alba，花白色或淡绿色，单瓣，开花较早，花叶同时开放。

(2)红花山桃CV.Rubra，花深粉红色，单瓣。

(3)曲枝山桃CV.Tortuosa，枝近直立，自然扭曲。花粉红色，单瓣。

(4)白花山碧桃CV.Albo plena，花白色，重瓣。

【分布】：主要分布于我国黄河流域、内蒙古及东北南部，西北也有，多生于向阳的碳岩山地。

【习性】：喜光，稍耐阴。耐寒，耐干旱、瘠薄，怕涝，较耐盐碱。对土壤适应性强。

【繁殖】：播种繁殖。

【用途】：花期早，花繁茂，并有曲枝、白花、柱180山桃形等变异类型，园林中宜成片植于山坡并以苍松翠柏为背景，方可充分显示其娇艳之美。常植于庭院、墙际、草坪、山坡、岸边，与柳树配置效果极佳。果实可食，种子、根、茎、皮、叶、树胶均可药用，桃仁可榨油。也常为嫁接桃树良种的砧木。

Prunus davidiana is a species in the genus Prunus in the family Rosaceae. It is also known by the common names David's peach and Chinese wild peach. It is native to China, preferring to grow in forests and thickets, on slopes in mountain valleys, and in waste fields, from 800 to 3200 m. It is resistant to frost, and to a number of pests and diseases of cultivated peach, and is the subject of many studies for the genetic improvement of peaches.

A deciduous tree 20 to 30 ft high, with glabrous branchlets. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, 1 to 11⁄2 in. wide, tapering to a long fine point like the almond, finely and sharply toothed, stalk 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in. long, with one or two glands. Flowers white or pale pink, 1 in. across, produced singly on very short stalks from the buds of the previous year’s shoots. Calyx glabrous, with five rounded, oblong lobes. Fruits spherical, 11⁄4 in. across, yellowish, downy; flesh thin; nut pitted. The twigs become grey by autumn.

Native of China; introduced to Paris in 1865, by means of seeds sent by the Abbé David, who stated that the tree made a beautiful and conspicuous feature in the vicinity of Peking. In English gardens this species is chiefly valuable for the earliness of its blossoms, which expand at any time between January and March, according to the weather, the normal time, perhaps, being about mid-February. Owing to their earliness, they are liable to injury (I have frequently seen snow resting on trees in bloom), and should be given a sheltered spot – the south-western side of a plantation of evergreens for preference. In such a position, given favourable weather the slender twigs, 1 to 2 ft long, wreathed with white (f. alba Hort.) or, in f. rubra (Bean) Rehd., rosy blossom, have a charming effect. Propagated by budding on almond or plum stocks. The white-flowered form received the Award of Garden Merit in 1927.

 8.山桃稠李(斑叶稠李)Prunus maackii Rupr.

通用名：斑叶稠李

【形态】：俗名：山桃、山桃稠李、披针形斑叶稠李

乔木，高达10m。树皮亮红褐色至亮黄色，片状剥落。小枝灰褐色。叶互生，叶椭圆形、菱状卵形，先端渐尖，基部圆形或宽楔形，叶缘具细锐锯齿，基部有一对腺点，下面散生暗褐色腺点。花白色，清香，总状花序基部无叶。核果小，近球形，熟时亮紫褐色，质干。花期4～5月，果期7～8月。

【分布】：分布于我国东北三省。朝鲜、俄罗斯远东地区也有分布。

【习性】：喜光，较耐阴，耐寒性强，喜湿润肥沃土壤。常生于林内、林缘或河岸等处。

【繁殖】：种子繁殖。

【用途】：枝繁叶茂，花白芳香，树皮光亮美观，为良好的庭园绿化观赏树种，又是蜜源植物。在园路和墙边可列植，庭园和公园内可孤植和丛植，也可植于林缘、坡地等处。

Prunus maackii, commonly called the Manchurian（满州里） cherry or Amur（阿穆尔） chokecherry, is a species of cherry native to Korea and both banks of the Amur River, in Manchuria in northeastern China, and Amur Oblast and Primorye in southeastern Russia. It used to be considered a species of Prunus subg. Padus, but both morphological and molecular studies indicate it belongs to Prunus subg. Cerasus.

A deciduous tree up to 40 or more ft high in the wild state, very distinct through the bark of the trunk being smooth and of a striking brownish yellow colour, and peeling like that of a birch; young wood downy. The leaves are ovate, rounded at the base, pointed, very finely toothed, 3 or 4 in. long, by about half as wide, hairy on the midrib and veins, and are rendered very distinct by being covered with glandular dots on the lower surface. Racemes 2 to 3 in. long, springing from the previous season’s wood, downy; calyx-tube cylindrical, bell-shaped, the lobes glandular-toothed; petals white, not so long as the stamens.

Native of Manchuria, Korea, and bordering parts of Russia; introduced to cultivation by way of St Petersburg (Leningrad) in 1910. It is of uncertain taxonomic status, differing from the ordinary bird cherries (P. padus and its allies) in that the racemes are borne on the year-old wood, and from the cherry laurels in being deciduous. It has a very distinctive yellowish brown, lustrous bark, but has no other claim to a place in gardens.

The following specimens have been recorded: R.H.S. Garden, Wisley, 30 × 4 ft (1968); Borde Hill, Sussex, 50 × 5 ft (1958); Westonbirt, Glos., pl 1935, 35 × 51⁄2 ft (1966). A tree at Wakehurst Place, although not more than sixty years old, is already in decline; it measures 35 × 73⁄4 ft (1968).

9.毛樱桃(山豆子、山樱桃)Prunus tomentosaThunb.

俗名：樱桃、山豆子、梅桃、山樱桃、野樱桃、山樱桃梅

【形态】：落叶灌木，高2～3m。幼枝紫褐色或灰褐色，密生绒毛，冬芽3枚并生。叶倒卵形至椭圆状卵形，先端尖，锯齿常不整齐；表面深绿色，皱，散生柔毛，背面密生绒毛；叶柄有毛，托叶条形，早落。花先叶开放或同时开放，白色或略带粉色，径1.5～50px，无梗或近无梗；萼红色。核果近球形，径约25px，红色，无沟，稍有毛。花期4月，果6月成熟。

【分布】：原产我国，主产华北、东北，西南地区也有分布，以河北、辽宁栽培较多。

【习性】：喜光，稍耐阴；耐寒，也耐高温。根系发达，耐干旱、瘠薄及轻碱土。适应性极强，性强健，寿命较长。是很有发展潜力的多功能小杂果果树。

【繁殖】：播种、嫁接或分株繁殖。

【用途】：可与早春黄色系花灌木迎春、连翘配植应用，反映春回大地、欣欣向荣的景象，适宜在草坪上孤植、丛植。果味甜酸可食，也可酿酒；种仁可入药或榨油。

Prunus tomentosa is a species of Prunus native to northern and western China, Korea, Mongolia, and possibly northern India. Common names for Prunus tomentosa include Nanjing cherry, Korean cherry, Manchu cherry, downy cherry, Shanghai cherry, Ando cherry, mountain cherry, Chinese bush cherry, and Chinese dwarf cherry.

Prunus tomentosa 

Description

Downy Cherry is a deciduous shrub in the rose family.   Plant in well-drained soil in full sun to partial shade.  Established plants will tolerate drought and winter conditions.  Propagate this shrub stem cuttings or seed.  Use it as a shrub border, mass plant it or create a privacy screen or windbreak.  Be aware it does naturalize in the landscape.

A deciduous shrub of spreading habit 4 to 8 ft high and twice as wide; branchlets covered densely with a close, pale down. Leaves obovate or oblong, with an abrupt point, 2 to 3 in. long, 3⁄4 to 11⁄2 in. wide, toothed, dark dull green, and furnished with scattered hairs above, paler and densely woolly beneath. Flowers 3⁄4 in. across, white, tinted with rose, produced singly or in pairs at the joints of the previous year’s growth, each on a stalk 1⁄6 in. long. Fruit bright red, about the size of a small cherry, slightly hairy, ripe in July. 

Native of N. and W. China, but introduced from Japan around 1870. It usually flowers about the fourth week in March, and is then an object of great beauty and charm. Shoots from 1 to 2 ft long are made in one season, and these the following spring are furnished from end to end with the delicately tinted flowers. It must be said, however, that its beauty is short-lived. The petals are fragile and easily fall, so that if sharp rain-storms or harsh winds are prevalent (as often happens when they are expanding), their full beauty is never displayed. Some sheltered nook should be chosen for it, a consideration to which its early blossoms entitle it. The fruits are not freely produced with us, although about Peking the shrub is cultivated for their sake. Propagated by layers and cuttings of half-ripened wood.

P. tomentosa has been collected in the Valley of Kashmir and in Ladakh, but these specimens may have come from cultivated plants. At any rate, it is not a native of the Himalaya as a whole, as is sometimes stated in reference books.

10.麦李Prunus glandulosa Thunb.

【形态】：落叶灌木，高2m。小枝纤细。叶卵状长椭圆形至椭圆状披针形，长3～200px，宽l～75px，先端急尖，边缘有细圆钝细锯齿，齿端具腺；叶柄长6 -8mm，无毛，不具腺体。花多重瓣，白色或粉红色，单生或两朵并生，花径约50px，花梗长6～8mm。核果近球形，径1～32.5px，红色或紫红色，有的腹缝具沟槽。花期4月，常与郁李在山坡地混生。

【分布】：产中国陕西秦岭、淮河及其以南地区。

【习性】：喜光，有一定耐寒性，适应性强，忌低洼积水、土壤黏重，喜生于湿润疏松排水良好的砂壤中。

【繁殖】：常用分株或嫁接法繁殖，砧木用山桃。

【用途】：甚为美观，各地庭园常见栽培观赏。宜于草坪、路边、假山旁及林缘丛栽，也可作基础栽植、盆栽或切花材料。

Prunus glandulosa, called Chinese bush cherry, Chinese plum, and dwarf flowering almond, is a species of shrub tree native to China and long present in Japan. It is commonly used as an ornamental tree and for cut flowers.

Prunus glandulosa 

Common Name(s): Flowering Almond

 This plant has low severity poison characteristics.

Description

Drought tolerant; can be severely pruned to promote flowering.

A dwarf bush of neat, rounded habit, up to 4 or 5 ft high, with glabrous branches. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 21⁄2 in. long, 3⁄4 to 1 in. wide; more or less drawn out at the apex, finely toothed, almost or quite glabrous; stalk 1⁄4 in. or less long; stipules linear, with gland-tipped teeth. Flowers white or rosy, scarcely 1⁄2 in. across, on stalks 1⁄4 in. long, produced in April. Fruits scarcely 1⁄2 in. in diameter, red, making a bright display when freely borne. Bot. Mag., t. 8260.

Native of N. China, Korea, and the southern part of the Ussuri region; described from Japan, but not native there. It is best known in its two double-flowered garden varieties (see below).

The single-flowered type appears to have been cultivated in Britain in Loudon’s time as “Cerasus japonica”, but it disappeared from gardens and was not introduced until late in the 19th century. It is allied to P. humilis (q.v.).

Of the double-flowered varieties of P. glandulosa there are two: ‘Alba Plena’, with white flowers, and ‘Rosea Plena’ (syn. ‘Sinensis’), with pink flowers. They provide a remarkable illustration of how much the flowers of a plant can be improved by cultivation. The typical plant in flower is a pretty but by no means striking shrub, whereas the double varieties are amongst the very élite of their class. The flowers carry numerous petals, and are 1 to 11⁄4 in. in diameter, and their stalks become 3⁄4 in. or more long. The foliage too, is finer, the leaves measuring 3 to 4 in. in length by 1 in. in width. They flower in early May, later than the type. The double varieties have been cultivated, and brought to their present perfection, in China and Japan. The rosy-coloured one was introduced in the second half of the 17th century.

The double-flowered varieties were at one time used for forcing early into bloom under glass. Out-of-doors they are seen to best advantage planted against a south wall, where the flowering shoots should be pruned back almost to the older wood as soon as ever the flowers are faded. But they are also very delightful in the open ground but are more subject to die-back grown in this way. They can be propagated by cuttings, but layers prove more satisfactory as a rule. Both have received an Award of Merit.

11.郁李(爵梅、寿李)Prunus japonica Thunb.

俗名：秧李、爵梅、复花郁李、菊李、棠棣、策李

【形态】：落叶灌木，高约2m。干皮褐色，老枝有剥裂。小枝纤细而柔；冬芽极小，灰褐色，3枚并生。叶卵形或宽卵形，长4～175px，宽2～100px，先端长尾状，基部圆形，边缘有缺刻状锐重锯齿，无毛或下面沿叶脉生短柔毛，人秋叶转紫红色；托叶条形具腺齿，早落。花粉红色或近白色，单瓣或复瓣，花叶同放，单生或2～3朵簇生；萼筒裂片卵形，花后反折；雄蕊比仡瓣短；花柱约与雄蕊等长或稍长。核果近球形，无沟，直径1CM，暗红色，光滑而有光泽。花期3～4月，果期5～6月。

【分布】：原产我国南方。中国的华北、东北、华中、华南均有分布。

【习性】：喜光，耐旱，耐寒，耐水湿，耐烟尘。生长适应性强，对土壤要求不严，但在石灰性土中生长最旺。根系发达，萌蘖性强。

【繁殖】：播种、分株、扦插法繁殖。

【用途】：花时繁英压树，灿若云霞；果熟时丹实满枝；秋叶红艳。适于群植，宜配植在阶前、屋旁、山坡上，或点缀于林缘、草坪周围，也植为花境、花篱。鲜果可食，核仁称郁李仁，可药用。

Prunus japonica, also called Japanese bush cherry, or Oriental bush cherry, or Korean bush cherry is a shrub species in the genus Prunus that is widely cultivated for ornamental use. Its native range extends from Central China through to the Korean peninsula.

Prunus japonica ( scientific name: Prunus japonica) is a broadleaf deciduous shrub of the Prunus genus Rosaceae family, native to China. It branches well and is planted as a garden tree. In spring, it blooms before or at the same time the leaves unfold. Add 1 to 3 small flowers resembling plums to the inflorescence that came out of the axilla of the previous year. It has a floral stem, makes white or pale pink flower bloom, and is a single-layered five-petaled flower.

In early summer, small spherical fruits are ripened red and eaten. The nucleus is used for medicinal purposes. Dyes are taken from the leaves and fruits, green from the leaves and green to gray from the fruits. It is similar to Dwarf flowering almond, scientific name: Cerasus glandulosa.

12.樱桃Prunus pseudocerasus(Lindi.)G.Don.

俗名：樱珠、牛桃、英桃、楔桃、荆桃、莺桃、唐实樱、乌皮樱桃、崖樱桃

【形态】：落叶乔木，高8m。树皮淡褐色，具横展皮孔。叶椭圆状卵形，边缘有大小不等的重锯齿，齿尖有腺，下面有稀疏柔毛，基部常具1～2腺体；托叶条形有腺齿。花先叶开放，3～6朵簇生，伞状花序或有梗的总状花序；花瓣白色，卵圆形至近圆形，先端微凹；萼筒钟状，有短柔毛，萼片花后反卷。核果近球形，红色。花期3～4月，果5～6月成熟。

【分布】：原产于中国中部黄河流域至长江流域。

【习性】：喜光，耐寒，耐旱。对土壤要求不严。萌蘖性强，生长迅速。

【繁殖】：分株、扦插或嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：花如彩霞，新叶妖艳，果若珊瑚，秋叶丹红，是常见的观花、观果树木。“红了樱桃，绿了芭蕉”，极具诗情画意，宜孤植、丛植，配置在山坡、

建筑物前及园路旁，亦可作樱桃专类园。果可生食或制罐头。叶、根和花可供药用。木材致密坚实，可制各种器材。

Prunus pseudocerasus or Prunus pseudo-cerasus, the Chinese sour cherry or just Chinese cherry, is a species of cherry native to China and is used worldwide as an ornamental for its early spring cherry blossoms. The fruits of some cultivars are edible.

13．日本樱花(东京樱花、江户樱花)Prunus ×yedoensis Matsum．

俗名：樱花、日本樱花、吉野樱

【形态】：落叶乔木，高达16m。树皮暗灰色，小枝幼时有毛。叶卵状椭圆形至倒卵形，叶端急渐尖，叶缘有细尖重锯齿，多少带刺芒状，叶背脉上及叶柄有柔毛。花3～6朵成伞房状总状花序，花序梗短；花先叶开放，初放时淡红色，后白色，常为单瓣，微香；萼筒管状，带紫红色，外有短柔毛，萼片边缘有细齿；花瓣顶端内凹；花柱近基部有柔毛。核果近球形，熟时由红色变黑色，直径约lcm。花期3月，果期5月。

【分布】：原产日本，中国引种栽培。

【习性】：喜光，耐寒。  

【繁殖】：播种繁殖。

【用途】：花期早，着花繁密，绚丽多彩。宜群植、列植或孤植于草坪、湖边或庭院、公园里，或片植作专类园。

14．樱花(山樱花)Prunus serrulata Lindl．

  【形态】：乔木，高20m。树皮暗栗褐色，光滑。小枝无毛或有短柔毛，赤褐色，有锈色。唇形皮孔；鳞芽黑褐色，有光泽。叶卵形、卵状披针形至倒卵状披针形，基部圆形，广楔形或浅心形，先端尾尖，边缘通常为单锯齿或微重锯齿，缘具芒齿，两面无毛或近无毛。花白色或粉红色，单瓣或重瓣，3～5朵成总状花序，先于叶开放或与叶同时开放。花期4月。

【品种】：

(1)垂枝樱花f.pendula Bean.，枝开展而下垂；花重瓣，粉红色。

(2)瑰丽樱花f.superba Wils.，花很大，重瓣，淡红色，有长梗。

(3)重瓣白樱花f.albo plena Schneid.，花重瓣，白色。

(4)重瓣红樱花f.rosea W№，花重瓣，粉红色。

(5)红白樱花f.atbc—rosea W№，花重瓣，花蕾淡红色，开后变白色。

【分布】：原产我国长江流域和日本。中国东北南部也有。

【习性】：喜阳光，亦喜湿润，喜深厚肥沃而排水良好的土壤；有一定耐寒能力，根系较浅。对烟尘、有害气体及海潮风的抵抗力均较弱。

【繁殖】：用播种、嫁接、扦插等法繁殖。

【用途】：花朵极其美丽，盛开时节，满树烂漫，如云似霞，是早春开花的著名观赏花木，也可作小径行道树用，还可大片栽植造成“花海”景观。三五成丛点缀于绿地形成锦团，也可孤植形成“万绿丛中一点红”之画意。

Prunus serrulata or Japanese cherry is a species of cherry tree that grows naturally in Japan, China, Korea and Russia, and it also refers to a cultivar produced from Prunus speciosa, a cherry tree endemic in Japan. Historically, the Japanese have developed many cultivars by selective breeding of cherry trees, which are produced by the complicated crossing of several wild species, and they are used for ornamental purposes all over the world. Of these, the cultivars produced by complex interspecific hybrids based on the Oshima cherry are also known as the Cerasus Sato-zakura Group.

A deciduous tree sparsely branched; shoots quite glabrous. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 5 in. long, 11⁄4 to 21⁄2 in. wide, long and taper-pointed, toothed (sometimes doubly), quite glabrous on both surfaces, rather glaucous beneath. Flowers in short-stalked racemose clusters of two to five, white or tinged with rose, 1 to 13⁄4 in. across, double, not scented, individual stalks up to 11⁄2 in. long; they open in April and early May along with the young leaves. Fruit a small black cherry.

P. serrulata, in the typical form described above,- is a garden plant of China, introduced to Britain in 1822 from Canton. It is no longer very common in gardens, having been replaced by double-flowered varieties of Japanese origin (see Sato Zakura, p. 399). From any of these with similar flowers it is easily distinguished by its gaunt, flat-topped habit, and its rather small, scentless flowers.

Many species of plants native to E. Asia first became known in Europe in the form of garden varieties differing from the wild prototype in doubleness of flower or in some other character. Later, when the wild plants were discovered and needed a name, they had to become varieties of the garden plant first described. And so in this instance. For P. serrulata is considered to be no more than a garden derivative of the hill cherry of China and Japan, which has to be distinguished as a variety of P. serrulata, namely:

15．日本晚樱Prunus serrulata var. lannesiana

【形态】：乔木，高达10米。干皮淡灰色。叶常为倒卵形，先端渐尖，长尾状，具渐尖重锯齿，齿端有长芒；叶柄上部有一对腺体；新叶略带红褐色。花大，1～5朵排成伞房花序，单瓣或重瓣，常下垂，花白色或粉红，芳香；小苞片叶状；花的总梗短或无。果卵形，黑色，有光泽。花期4～5月，果期6～7月。

【变种】：关山P.1annesiana Sekiyama，在我国广泛栽种。嫩叶茶褐色，小枝多而向上弯曲。花浓红色，花径150px左右，瓣约30枚，2枚雌蕊叶化，因此不能结实，花梗粗且长。花期3月底或4月初，花叶同放。

【分布】：原产日本，中国引种栽培，分布于华北至长江流域。

【习性】：喜温暖气候，较耐寒，不耐盐碱，对有害气体抗性差。

【繁殖】：嫁接繁殖。

【用途】：新叶红色，花叶同放，花期长，花大而芳香，盛开时繁花似锦，是春季观花树种。适宜丛植、群植、列植等，作庭院观赏、风景林、行道树。