学习目标
• 使学生了解英国文艺复兴时期的重要作家：汤姆斯 · 摩尔、马洛、斯宾塞、弗朗西斯 · 培根及 最重要代表人物莎士比亚的 写作特点及作品；
• 使学生了解这些作家，熟悉其写作特点；并能够对这些作家的代表作品进行赏析。
学习指南
本模块主要介绍汤姆斯 · 摩尔、马洛、斯宾塞、弗朗西斯 · 培根及 英国文艺复兴时期的最重要代表人物莎士比亚的 写作特点及作品。
主要授课形式为以教师讲授为主的教学模式，辅以课件、视频等多媒体手段。课后配有相应习题，加深学生对英国这些重要作家的了解，培养学生赏析其作品的能力。
知识内容
知识点 1 I. Renaissance: Thomas More and Christopher Marlowe
知识点 2 II. Edmund Spenser and Francis Bacon
知识点 3 III. William Shakespeare
实践
Appreciation of the work Of Studies 赏析《论学习》节选
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them. 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
案例
Historical background:
English Renaissance is usually divided into three periods:
1) The first period called the beginning of the Renaissance started in 1516 and came into an end in 1578.
2) The second period knows as the flowering time of the Renaissance was from 1578 to 1625.
3) The third period between 1625 and 1660 is the epilogue of the Renaissance.
In the second period, Queen Elizabeth ruled the country. For this reason it is also called Elizabethan Period. William Shakespeare, the greatest playwright of England , lived in the Elizabethan Period. So in the history of English literature, this period is often referred to as the Age of William Shakespeare.
文学术语：
Blank verse ( 无韵诗或素体诗 ): It's also called unrhymed poetry typically in iambic pentameter. Blank verse has been called the most “natural” verse form for English speech, and it is the verse form most close to natural rhythms of poetry since the mid-sixteenth century. In 1540, from Italy , blank verse was brought into English literature by the poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who first used it in his translation of Aeneid , by the Roman poet Virgil. Christopher Marlowe used blank verse for dramatic use; and English playwright William Shakespeare transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhythms and emotional overtones.
无韵诗 也被称为不押韵的抑扬格五音部诗。由于被认为最接近英语日常用语的自然韵律，无韵诗一直被称为戏剧作品中最“自然”的表达形式，16世纪中期以来被奉为英国戏剧及叙事诗的主要诗体。1540年，无韵诗由诗人亨利.霍华徳.萨里伯爵从意大利介绍到英国文学中，他在翻译罗马诗人维吉尔的《埃涅伊徳》时第一次运用了无韵诗体。克里斯托弗.马洛运用无韵诗进行戏剧创作。英国剧作家威廉.莎士比亚把无韵诗运用得非常得心应手，独特地传达了语言的韵律和情感的深意。
Comedy ( 喜剧 ): Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot. Viewed in another sense, comedy may be considered to deal with people in their human state, restrained and often made ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions, and animal nature. In Shakespeare's comedies, the playwright sings of youth, love and ideals of happiness. The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mold their own fate according to their own free will. The general spirit of these comedies is optimism.
喜剧是一种主要旨在娱乐的轻松戏剧形式 ， 有快乐的结局。喜剧因为要努力让人发笑，所以运用了机智和诙谐的语言。总体上，其喜剧效果源自在复杂情节基础上语言、动作和角色表现的不相称。从另外一个意义上来看，喜剧可被认为是展现人们的人性状态，受其自身的局限性、缺点、身体官能和动物本性等的限制而常显得滑稽。在莎士比亚喜剧中剧作家歌颂青春、爱情和理想的幸福。男女主人公凭他们的自由意志在与命运作斗争的过程中创造自己的命运。这些喜剧的大致精神是乐观主义。
Essay ( 小品文 ): The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer's own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such formal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise. The development of the form may be considered a result of the Renaissance emphasis on the individual, which fostered exploration of one's inner self in relation to the outside world. It is a flexible form and can be developed at the writer's will.
这个术语用于指专门阐述作者自己对某个论题 ， 通常是论题的某个特殊方面的思想观点的文学作品。通常篇幅简短，文体非正式，区别于正式的论文和专题论文。这一形式被认为是文艺复兴时期重视个人发展的结果，鼓励人们对内心世界的探索。这种文体形式灵活，可任作者自由发挥。
Sonnet ( 十四行诗 ): a poem consisting of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian, generally 12 in French, and 10 in English), with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the Petrarchan and the Elizabethan are the principal, namely: (1) abba abba , followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines, with a pause in the thought after the octave; (2) abab cdcd efef gg . The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. The sonnet was introduced to England by Wyatt and developed by Surry and was thereafter widely used, notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser, and other poets of the Golden period, most of which are amatory in nature, and contain a certain narrative development: later sonnet sequences on the theme of love include those of D.C.Rossetti and E.B.Browning . Milton, Done, Keats, Hopkins, and Yeats have all used the form to great and varied effect, and it continues to flourish.
一种由表及里 14 行组成的诗歌 （ 意大利十四行诗有碍 11 个音节 ， 法国的确 2 个音节 ， 英国的 10 个音节 ）， 主要有彼特拉克体十四行诗和伊丽莎白时期的十四行诗 ， 有一定的明确押韵格式 ， 即 ：（ 1 ） abba abba , 后续的六行有两个或三个韵脚 ， 前八行与后六行间有意义上的停顿 ；（ 2 ） abab cdcd efef gg 。莎士比亚十四行诗属于后一种形式。十四行诗由韦阿特介绍进英国，萨里将之加以加工发展，后被广泛使用，著名的诗作有莎士比亚、锡德尼、丹尼尔和斯宾塞的十四行组诗以及黄金时期的其他诗人创作的十四行诗，大部分都是歌颂爱情，包括一定的叙事情节。后来以爱情为主题的十四行组诗有罗塞蒂和勃朗宁的诗。弥尔顿、邓恩、济慈、霍普金斯和叶芝都运用了这种诗歌形式，产生了各具不同的伟大效果，十四行诗因而得以继续繁荣。
知识结构
