学习目标

1. 了解现代主义的历史背景、定义以及主要的特征

2. 了解唯美主义和自然主义的定义 , 特点及代表作家及作品

3. 了解劳伦斯以及作品的风格及主题

4. 了解萧伯纳以及他的主要的改革观点、重要作品、特征

5. 了解意识流的概念意义起源

6. 了解伍尔夫以及主要作品和所取得的成就，了解代表作品《达洛维夫人》

7. 了解乔伊斯以及主要作品，了解几部作品的地位

学习指南

本课主要内容为介绍现代主义的历史背景、定义、主要特征以及这个时期的主要的作家及代表作品。

主要授课形式为以教师讲授为主的教学模式，即，教师课堂授课、辅以课件、等多媒体手段。课后配有相应习题，加深学生对现代主义时期文学思潮的理解，培养学生赏析该时期主要作品的能力。

知识内容

知识点 1

Modernism & and D. H. Lawrence

I. Introduction to Modernism

1. Historical Background

2. Literary trend

3. Basic Characteristics  

II. Important Writers --- D. H. Lawrence

1. Introduction to D. H. Lawrence

2. Themes in Lawrence 's novels

3. Style of his works

知识点 2

                        Naturalism and Aestheticism

I. Naturalism

1. Definition

2. Representative English naturalist writer--- George Gissing

1). Introduction to George Gissing

2) Introduction to New Grub Street

II. Aestheticism

1. Definition

2. Representative English Aestheticism writer--- Oscar Wilde

1). Introduction to Oscar Wilde

2). Introduction to his works

A. Novel--- The Picture of Dorian Gray

B. Comedy ---Lady Windermere's Fan

知识点 3

Bernard Shaw

I. Introduction

II. Ideas of socialism

III. Main works  

IV. Literary ideas

V. Main characteristics

VI. Two representative works

知识点 4

Stream-of-Consciousness and the writers

I. Introduction to Stream-of-Consciousness

1. Definition

2. Distinctive Characteristics of “Stream-of-Consciousness”

II. Representatives Writers

1. Female writer---Virginia Woolf  

A. Introduction to Virginia Woolf

B. Woolf's main works

C. Woolf's literary idea

D. Advocate of feminism

E. The analysis of Mrs. Dalloway

2. James Joyce

A. Introduction to James Joyce

B. Main works

C. Theme of his works

D. Writing features

E. Introduction to his works

实践

1. Appreciate the work Sons and Lovers .

2. Try to find the characteristics of naturalism

案例    

  Modernism ( 现代主义 ): a movement dating from the late 19 th century, which extended into all the forms of literature and art. Because of its very complexity, it is difficult to define precisely, but both the modernist writers themselves and subsequent critics agree that it involved a radical and deliberated break not only with traditional forms of art but with traditional aesthetic principles reaching back to Aristotle that had formed the bedrock of western culture. The most important period for Modernism was between 1910 and 1925, characterized by such movement as Symbolism, Imagism, Futurism, Impressionism, Stream of Consciousness, Expressionism, Abstractism , Cubism, Surrealism. In the 30s and following the Second World War, Existentialism prevailed in both literature and philosophy. The Theatre of the Absurd and Black Humour can also be seen as deriving in some way from Modernism. In England , the most important poets were William Butler Yeats and T.S. Eliot. Together with the American poet Ezra Pound, they led a revolution in the technique of modern poetry which has prevailed to the present day. In the novel, the modernist innovators were James Joyce and Virginia Woolf with the “Stream of Consciousness” technique and D.H. Lawrence with his psychological penetration.

现代主义运动起源于 19 世纪末 ， 波及文学艺术各个领域。由于极度的复杂性，很难确切定义该运动。但是现代主义作家及后来的评论家都达成一个共识，即现代主义运动不仅彻底打破了传统的艺术形式，还挑战了亚里斯多德以来西方文化基石的传统美学原则。现代主义最重要的时期是1910至1925 年，先后兴起了象征主义、意象主义、未来主义、印象主义、意识流、表现主义、抽象主义、立体派、超现实主义等运动。到30年代及二次世界大战之后，存在主义盛行于文学界和哲学界。荒诞戏剧，黑色幽默在某种程度上也起源于现代主义。在英国，最重要的诗人是威廉.巴特拉.叶芝和T.S.艾略特，他们与美国诗人埃兹拉.庞德一起领导了现代诗歌创作技巧的革命，其影响一直延续至今。小说创作中，现代派的革新者如詹姆斯.乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫以其 “ 意识流技巧 ” ，戴维.赫伯特.劳伦斯用心理的透视描写进行现代主义小说的创作。

Naturalism ( 自然主义 ): a word used to describe works of literature which use realistic methods and subjects to convey a philosophical form of naturalism; that is a belief   that everything exists is a part of nature and can be explained by natural and material causes---and not by supernatural, spiritual or paranormal causes. In literature naturalism developed out of realism. The main influence that went to forming a different point of view were Dawin's biological theories, Comte's application of scientific ideas to the study of society, and Taine's application of deterministic theories to literature. Those in favour of a naturalistic approach to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting the social environment and dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the shortcomings of human beings. French writer Emile Zola was the representative of naturalist movement and his influence has been very considerable and is discernible in many plays and novels of the last hundred years. It is particularly noticeable in the works of Maupassant, George Moore and George Gissing, to name a few.

自然主义一词用来描述运用现实主义手法表述自然主义哲学观点的文学作品。其宗旨是一切事物都是自然的一部分，只能通过自然的和物质的原因予以解释，而不能超自然的、精神的或奇异的因由阐释。在文学中，自然主义发源于现实主义，其观念的形成受达尔文生物理论的影响，孔德应用科学方法研究社会的实证方法，以及泰恩运用于文学的决定论也对自然主义产生影响。自然主义支持者通常用自然主义方法解释社会现象，描述社会环境，关注社会中的弊端和人性的缺憾。法国作家埃米尔.左拉是自然主义运动的代表人物，其作品影响了近百年许多戏剧、小说的创作，特别是莫泊桑，乔治. 莫尔和乔治.吉心辛等人的作品。

Aestheticism ( 美学主义 ) : The basis theory of the Aesthetic movement --- “art for art's sake” ---was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19 th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, with his Picture of Dorian Gray . Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposes to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art's sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality's sake, or art for money's sake.

美学运动的基本原则 “ 为艺术而艺术 ” 最初由法国诗人西奥费尔 . 高缔尔提出。英国运用该美学理论的第一人是19世纪末最重要的文论作家沃尔特.佩特。奥斯卡.王尔德则因创作《道林.格雷的画像》而成为英国该运动的重要代表人物。美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活，认为生活应模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。在美学主义看来，所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物，艺术不应受任何功利的影响，只有当艺术为艺术而创作之时，艺术才成为不巧之作。他们还认为艺术不应关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题，艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美。这是对维多利亚工业发展时期宣扬物质崇拜的一种回应，也是艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战。

常见问题

1. What is Stream-of-consciousness?

2. What are the achievements of Virginia Woolf?

Key:

1.The term “stream-of-consciousness” which was coined by William James in Principles of Psychology (1890) It is used to indicate a literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters in fiction. It presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues The realm of life with which stream-of-consciousness novel is concerned is mental and spiritual experience, such as sensations, memories, imaginations, conceptions, intuitions, feelings and the process of association.

2. A. Stream-of- Consciousness Technique .

A. Woolf is the most gifted and innovative of the stream of consciousness novelist. As a novelist Woolf's primary concern was to represent the flow of ordinary experience. Her emphasis was not on plot or characterization but on a character's consciousness, his thoughts and feelings, which she brilliantly illuminated by the stream of consciousness technique. Mrs. Dalloway is such a successful novel of this type.  

•  Advocate of feminism

B. She was very much concerned with the rights and position of women, especially of intelligent women and women writers. She actively took part in the struggle for woman's rights of suffrage & rights to work. Her book A Room of One's Own best shows her idea.

 知识结构