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6.1 Romanticism: Lake Poets

   6.1.1 Introduction to Romanticism

      1. Definition of Romanticism

      2. Romanticism in literature

      3. Historical background of Romanticism

      4. Lake poets

   6.1.2 William Wordsworth

       1. Life

       2. Themes

       3. Major poems

       4. Theory

       5. Significance

       6. Appreciation of poems

   6.1.3 Samuel Taylor

       1. Life

       2. Themes

       3. Major poems

       4. Theory

       5. Significance

       6. Appreciation of poems

Module 6-unit 1 The Lake Poets PPT 图片来源

1. 欧洲拿破仑

http://www.hi5.com/profile.html?uid=5826704215

2. 工业革命

http://www.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/IR161x1.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/&h=480&w=633&sz=31&tbnid=y4ha2Yk6O4ki4M&tbnh=195&tbnw=258&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=&usg=__wVw-3s49juMgzJcNMKhBco3yX9o =

3. 法国革命

http://www.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://213.0.8.18/portal/educantabria/contenidoseducativosdigitales/primaria/cono_3_ciclo/CONTENIDOS/HISTORIA/DEFINITIVO%2520EDAD%2520CONTEMPORANEA/misitio9/Pagina%25201_archivos/image007.jpg&imgrefurl=http://213.0.8.18/portal/educantabria/contenidoseducativosdigitales/primaria/cono_3_ciclo/CONTENIDOS/HISTORIA/DEFINITIVO%20EDAD%20CONTEMPORANEA/misitio9/Pagina%201.htm&h=294&w=363&sz=25&tbnid=S_dVnQOxFJsIQM&tbnh=202&tbnw=250&prev=/search%3Fq%3Drevoluci%25C3%25B3n%2Bfrancesa%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=revoluci%C3%B3n+francesa&usg=__4YpVc4JVczGs0DhpCUH639aSqmk =

4. 拿破仑战争 2

http://www.cnartedu.cn/fourth.asp?fid=2&sid=34&id=156

5. William Wordsworth

http://www.geocities.jp/mukku17654/poetry-log/poetry-wordsworth.htm

6.William Wordsworth 主要作品

https://wordsworth.org.uk/home.html

7. 咏水仙 1

http://www.all-creatures.org/pics/daffodil.html

8. 咏水仙 2

http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/English_Literature/poetry_art/poet_art.htm

9.Samuel Taylor Coleridge 生平

http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge

10.Samuel Taylor Coleridge 作品

http://www.yingyudaxue.com/book/samuel-taylor-coleridge

11. 忽必烈汗

http://military.china.com/zh_cn/dljl/yuanchao/01/11044668/20080526/14867969.html

12. 英国大本钟

http://www.82222919.com/list_scenery/371f0656.html

讲义

  Romanticism: the Lake poets

In this lecture we will cover three parts: Romanticism in general, the historical background and two Lake Poets: William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge .

Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement. It originated in Europe in the late 18th century. It was characterized by

•  a heightened interest in nature,

•  emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism,

•  and rebellion against established social rules and conventions

In the world of literature, Romanticism had such a wide-spread influence that Europe, the United States and Latin America all underwent great changes and vigorous development. The features of Romanticism in literature were:

•  reliance on the imagination

•  subjectivity of approach,

•  freedom of thought and expression,

•  and an idealization of nature.

In a word, Romanticism was a movement of the 18th and 19th centuries which marked the reaction in literature and philosophy.

Historical background in the period of Romanticism

As is known to all, literature develops with the development of society. But the most decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. The English Romanticism is no exception. It is greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. In the following part, we will approach to the two revolutions respectively.

First is the Industrial Revolution.

•  Actually, the first Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century.

•  It profoundly changed Britain's economy and society.

•  To be specific, Industrial Revolution, was a shift, from a traditional agriculturally based economy to one based on the mechanized production of manufactured goods in large-scale enterprises.

•  Although successful industrialization led to a rise of national income per capita, it also caused many problems, such as distribution of income, living and working conditions, and social conduct and convention.

Second is the French Revolution (1789-1794) .

•  On July 14, 1789 an angry mob, tired of the oppressive brutality of the French monarchy, captured the Bastille and released all the political prisoners there.

•  Then, the National Assembly approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man. At that time, there was a widespread feeling that people were to have a better life and much more say about the affairs of the state.

Apart from the influence of the above two revolutions, The Napoleonic Wars also carry weight in the development of literature during Romantic period.

•  Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars between France and a number of European nations from 1799 to 1815.

•  Undoubtedly, Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of the 19th century.

•  He captured most of Western Europe and Egypt.

•  And in order to guarantee civil liberties and improve the quality of life, he instituted many reforms in these new territories.

•  In 1804, he crowned himself emperor of France and introduced reforms to unify the revolution-fractured nation.

It was amid these social conflicts mentioned above that Romanticism arose as a main literary trend.

It prevailed in England (1798-1832), beginning with the publication of Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballad s< 抒情诗集 > in 1798 and ending with Walter Scott's death in1832.

The Lake Poets in Romantic period

The lake poets are William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey because they lived and knew one another in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.

William Wordsworth

•  Life

William Wordsworth was born in the family of an attorney in Cumberland and received his education at Cambridge University. What's worth mentioning is that he developed a keen love for nature when he was very young.

And Wordsworth lived for a number of years, together with his sister Dorothy, in the Lake District, where he made friends with Coleridge and Southy. And they were chiefly engaged in writing poetry.  

In 1843, he became the poet laureate and died in 1850.

The major poems of Wordsworth are

•  Tintern Abbey,

•  The Prelude,

•  The Recluse  

The themes of his poems include freedom, folk and nature. Among all his works, The Lyrical Ballads is a monumental work in the history of English poetry.

It signaled the beginning of the Romantic period in English poetry.

•  In the preface of the second edition of the book, Wordsworth exemplified the principles of all good poetry, which later became a well-known piece of literary criticism.

•  After further revision, in the preface of the third edition of the book, Wordsworth explained his theory of valid language for poetry, new and revolutionary in nature, which impacted the poetry writing of the time tremendously.

Some of his theories

First is his view on poetry. Wordsworth said, “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. It takes its origins from emotion recollected in tranquility.”

Second is about the language. Wordsworth emphasized that poetic language must be a selection of the language really used by the people. Such a language was free of the influence of social vanity. In a word, his theory of language was intended for the language of poetry to reach the common people.

Third is about the subject of the poetry. In his opinion, the subject should come from the “incidents and situations from common life”; poetic diction and the coloring of the imagination should enable people to see the incidents in a new light, the primary laws of human nature and most importantly show the readers how to understand and enjoy their lives.

Fourth is his view about what is a poet. He felt that the poet should understand life better than other people do. And he considered the poet as a seer of a kind.

Well, since we have learned some theories of Wordsworth. Next, let's appreciate one of Wordsworth's important poems to see how his theories are reflected in his poems.

Composed Upon Westminster Bridge

威斯敏斯特桥上

Earth has not anything to show more fair:

大地在没有比这儿更美的风貌

Dull would he be of soul who could pass by

若有谁，对如此壮丽动人的景物

A sight so touching in its majesty:

竟无动于衷，那才是灵魂麻木

This City now doth, like a garment, wear

瞧这座城市，像披上一领新袍

The beauty of the morning, silent, bare,

披上了明艳的晨光；环顾周遭

Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie

船舶，尖塔，剧院，教堂，华屋

Open unto the fields, and to the sky;

都寂然、坦然，向郊野、向天穹赤露

All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.

在烟尘未染的大气里粲然闪耀

Never did sun more beautifully steep

旭日金挥洒布于峡谷山陵

In his first splendour valley, rock, or hill;

也不比这片晨光更为绮丽

Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!

我何尝见过、感受过这深沉的寂静

The river glideth at his own sweet will:

河上徐流，由着自己的心意

Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;

上帝啊！千门万户都沉睡未醒

And all that mighty heart is lying still!   

这整个宏大的心脏仍然在歇息

From the poems of Wordsworth, we can see that he was against the stagnant diction of neo-classicism of the 18th century and started the new tradition of romanticism by glorifying the world of nature and by the use of the simple language of the common people.

Without doubt, William Wordsworth was one of the most accomplished and influential of England's romantic poets.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

•  Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), was an English poet, critic, and philosopher.

•  He was also a leader of the Romantic Movement.

•  Coleridge was born in Ottery Saint Mary.

•  He attended Jesus College, University of Cambridge, but left without taking a degree.

•  As we have mentioned above, in 1795 Coleridge began a lifelong friendship with the poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy.

•  Together, the two poets published Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》 (1798).

His works can be roughly divided into three categories. They are demonic poems, conversational poems and literary criticism.

The three representative demonic poems are The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》 , Christabel 《克丽斯德蓓》 and Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》

When it comes to his Conversational poems, they are genuine personal records of the real self of Coleridge as a poet. His conversational poems well reflected Coleridge's deep sentiments and wild imagination.

Finally, his Literary Criticism includes Biographia Literaria Lectures on Shakespeare 《关于莎士比亚的文学传记的讲座》 .

In fact, his poetry was called pure poetry in that the vividness of poetic imageries and the charm of detectable meter and rhyme provide his poems with poetic beauty and magical enchantment.

Appreciation of one of Coleridge's most famous poems, Kubla Khan

Kubla Khan

忽必烈汗

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan

忽必烈汗在上都曾经

A stately pleasure dome decree:

下令造一座堂皇的安乐殿堂

Where Alph, the sacred river, ran

这地方有圣河亚佛流奔

Through caverns measureless to man

穿过深不可测的洞门

Down to a sunless sea.

直流入不见阳光的海洋

Weave a circle round him thrice,

织一个圆圈，把他三道围住

And close your eyes with holy dread,

闭下你两眼，带着神圣的恐惧

For he on honey-dew hath fed,

因为他一直吃着蜜样甘露

And drunk the milk of Paradise.

一直饮着天堂的琼浆仙乳

资源下载

Module 5 Unit 2 .ppt(下载附件 2.57 MB) 

扩展学习

Ideological background of Romanticism

(1). Edmund Burke :

He was Irish-born British politician and writer. His major work, Reflections o of the Revolution in France (1790), voices his opposition to the excesses of the French experience

(2) Thomas Paine

British-born American writer and Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain.

In England he published The Rights of Man (1791-1792), a defense of the French Revolution.

Anglo-American political philosopher Thomas Paine is shown with a copy of one of his most famous works, Rights of Man.

Published in two parts in 1791 and 1792, the work proposed a republican form of government and a progressive income tax, among other things.

(3) William Godwin

British writer and political theorist who believed in the perfectibility of human nature and maintained that people could live harmoniously without laws and institutions.

William Godwin's most important work is Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793).

(4) William Cobbett

His popular prose took the form essentially of journalistic tracts.

(5) Leigh Hunt (1784-1859), British writer and editor of the Examiner (1806-1821). Leigh Hunt is known for his essays defending romanticism.