水工图的阅读 Reading of hydraulic drawings

一、阅读水工图的目的和意义Read the purpose and significance of the hydraulic drawings

      水工图有较强的专业特点，通过阅读水工图，可对水利工程有一个总体的了解，并同时熟识有关标准的内容，为后续课程的学习打下良好的基础。通过阅读水工图，也可借鉴别人的成功经验，使自己的设计更先进、更成熟。

      Hydraulic drawing has strong professional characteristics. Through reading hydraulic drawing, we can have a general understanding of hydraulic engineering, and at the same time be familiar with the content of relevant standards, which lays a good foundation for the study of subsequent courses. By reading the hydraulic drawings, we can also learn from others' successful experience to make our design more advanced and mature.

  　同时也应注意到，为了培养和提高识读水工图的能力，必须掌握一定的专业知识。读识水工图的能力，应在专业课的学习和工程实践中继续巩固和提高。

      At the same time, it should be noted that in order to cultivate and improve the ability of reading hydraulic chart, certain professional knowledge must be mastered. The ability to read hydraulic drawings should be further consolidated and improved in the study of professional courses and engineering practice.

二、读图的方法和步骤 Methods and steps of reading pictures

1、概括了解 Overview

      水闸是防洪、排涝、灌溉等方面应用很广的一种水工建筑物。通过闸门的启闭，可使水闸具有泄水和挡水的双重作用。改变闸门的开启高度，可以起到控制水位和调节流量的作用。

      Sluice gate is a kind of hydraulic structure widely used in flood control, drainage and irrigation. Through the opening and closing of the gate, the sluice can discharge water and block water. Changing the opening height of the gate can control the water level and regulate the flow.

　  水闸由三部分组成，上游段的作用是引导水流平顺地进入闸室，并保护上游河岸及河床不受冲刷，一般包括上游齿墙，铺盖、上游翼墙及两岸护坡等。闸室段起控制水流的作用。它包括闸门、闸墩、闸底板，以及在闸墩上设置的交通桥、工作桥和闸门启闭设备等。下游段的作用是均匀地扩散水流，消除水流能量，防止冲刷河岸及河床，其包括消力池、海漫、下游防冲槽、下游翼墙及两岸护坡等。

      The sluice gate is composed of three parts. The function of the upstream section is to guide the water flow smoothly into the sluice chamber and protect the upstream bank and riverbed from erosion. It generally includes the upstream tooth wall, bedding, upstream wing wall and slope protection on both sides. The chamber section serves to control the flow of water. It includes gate, gate pier, gate bottom plate, traffic bridge, working bridge and gate opening and closing equipment set on gate pier. The function of the downstream section is to evenly diffuse the flow, eliminate the flow energy, and prevent the erosion of the river bank and riverbed, including the stilling basin, sea flood, downstream scour groove, downstream wing-wall and slope protection on both sides.

2、深入阅读 read thoroughly

     本图采用了三个基本视图（纵剖视图、平面图、上、下游立视图）及五个断面图。

     This figure uses three basic views (longitudinal view, plane view, upper and lower elevation view) and five sections.

     平面图：表达了水闸各组成部分的平面布置、形状、材料和大小。水闸左右对称，采用简化画法，图中只画出了一半。

     Plan: expresses the layout, shape, material and size of the sluice's components. The sluice is symmetrical to the left and right, using the simplified drawing method, only half of which is drawn in the picture.

      纵剖视图：通过建筑物纵向轴线的铅垂面剖切得到的剖视图。它表达了水闸高度与长度方向的结构形状、大小、材料、相互位置以及建筑物与与地面的联系等。

      Longitudinal section view: a section view obtained by cutting the vertical plane of the longitudinal axis of a building. It expresses the structure shape, size, material, mutual position and the relation between the building and the ground in the direction of the height and length of the sluice.

      上下游立面图：表达了水闸上游面和下游面的结构布置。由于视图对称，故采用各画一半的合成视图表达。 五个断面图用以表示上、下游翼墙的断面形状、材料与尺寸大小。图中闸门启闭设备采用了拆卸画法，底板排水孔采用了简化画法，消力池反滤层为多层结构，标注方法见剖视图。

      Upstream and downstream elevation: it expresses the structural arrangement of the upstream and downstream faces of the sluice. Because the view is symmetrical, the composite view of each half drawn is used. Five sections are used to represent the section shapes, materials and dimensions of the upper and lower wing-walls. In the figure, the gate opening and closing equipment adopts the disassembly drawing method, the bottom plate drainage hole adopts the simplified drawing method, the anti-filter layer of the stilling tank is a multi-layer structure, and the marking method is shown in the section view.

3、归纳总结 summarize