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1 主页
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2 参考
一、根尖的结构及其生长发育
根尖( root tip)是指从根的顶端到着生根毛部分的这一段。不论主根、侧根或不定根都具有根尖,它是根中生命活动最旺盛、最重要的部分。是根进行吸收、合成、分泌等作用的主要部位,且与根系扩展有关的伸长生长都发生在根尖部位。根尖从顶端起,依次可分为4个区:根冠区( root cap)、分生区( meristematic zone)、伸长区(elongation zone)、根毛区(root hairzone)。一般总长度1—125px。各区的细胞形态结构不同,从分生区到根毛区逐渐分化成熟,除根冠外,各区之间并无严格的界限(图2-3)。
(一)根冠
根冠是位于根的最前端,由许多不规则排列的薄壁细胞组成,是根特有的一种组织,一般成圆锥形,它像一顶帽子(即冠)套在分生区的外方,所以称为根冠。根冠对分生区的细胞具有一定的保护作用,当生长在土壤中的幼嫩根尖不断向下伸长生长时,很容易和土壤中的砂砾不断发生摩擦而遭受伤害,导致细胞死亡脱落,而根冠位于分生区之前就可以起到保护作用。有些根冠的外层细胞还能产生黏液,使根尖穿越土粒缝隙时减少摩擦。根在生长时根冠的外层细胞不断死亡、脱落和解体,但由于分生区的细胞不断地分裂,因此,根冠可以陆续得到补充,始终保持一定的形状和厚度。
Root Tip: the end 1 cm of a root contains young tissues that are divided into the root cap, quiescent center, and the subapical region.
Root Cap: root tips are covered and protected by the root cap. The root cap cells are derived from the rootcap meristem that pushes cells forward into the cap region. Root cap cells differentiate first into columella cells. Columella cells contain amylopasts that are responsible for gravity detection. These cells can also respond to light and pressure from soil particles. Once columella cells are pushed to the periphery of the root cap, they differentiate into peripheral cells. These cells secrete mucigel, a hydrated polysaccharide formed in the dictyosomes that contains sugars, organic acids, vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids. Mucigel aids in protection of the root by preventing desiccation. In some plants the mucigel contains inhibitors that prevent the growth of roots from competing plants. Mucigel also lubricates the root so that it can easily penetrate the soil. Mucigel also aids in water and nutrient absorption by increasing soil:root contact. Mucigel can act as a chelator, freeing up ions to be absorbed by the root. Nutrients in mucigel can aid in the establishment of mycorrhizae and symbiotic bacteria.
Quiescent Center: behind the root cap is the quiescent center, a region of inactive cells. They function to replace the meristematic cells of the rootcap meristem. The quiescent center is also important in organizing the patterns of primary growth in the root.
Subapical Region: this region, behind the quiescent center is divided into three zones. Zone of Cell Division - this is the location of the apical meristem (~0.5 -1.5 mm behind the root tip). Cells derived from the apical meristem add to the primary growth of the root. Zone of Cellular Elongation - the cells derived from the apical meristem increase in length in this region. Elongation occurs through water uptake into the vacuoles. This elongation process shoves the root tip into the soil. Zone of Cellular Maturation - the cells begin differentiation. In this region one finds root hairs which function to increase water and nutrient absorption. In this region the xylem cells are the first of the vascular tissues to differentiate.





Root tip magnified 100×.
1. Meristem
2. Columellae (statocytes with statolithes)
3. Lateral part of the tip
4. Dead cells
5. Elongation zone
图2-3根尖纵切图,示各分区的细胞结构(引白张宪省)
组成根冠的细胞是活的薄壁组织细胞,常含有淀粉,近分生区部分的细胞较小,近外方的细胞较大。除了一些营寄生性的种子植物和有些具有菌根的植物以外,根冠在所有植物的根中都存在。环境条件也影响着根冠的结构,例如,在土壤中正常生长的根,一旦对其进行水培后,其根冠就不进行再生了。同时,根冠还被认为和根对重力的反应(向地性)有关,根冠前端的细胞中含有具淀粉的淀粉体,起着平衡石的作用。当根被水平放置时,能使淀粉体原有位置发生转变,结果使根向下弯曲,恢复正常的向地性生长(图24)。除淀粉粒外,线粒体、高尔基体、内质网等细胞器也可能与根的向地性有关。还有人提出,位置改变的刺激使根产生地电,电流通过根冠中的重力感受器,把信息传至伸长区,引起上述的不均衡生长。

图2-4根冠细胞对重力的感受和分泌作用

A root statocyte in a vertical position: (1) Cell Wall (2) Endoplasmic Reticulum (3) Plasmodesma (4) Nucleus (5) Mitochondrion (6) Cytoplasm (7) Statolith平衡石 (8) Root (9) Root cap (10) Statocyte(平衡囊)
quiescent center 静止中心
(二)分生区
分生区是位于根冠内方的顶端分生组织。整体形如圆锥,故又名生长锥,也称为生长点,长l~ 3mm。是分裂产生新细胞的部位,其分裂的细胞少部分向前方发展,形成根冠细胞,以补偿根冠因摩擦受损脱落的细胞,大部分细胞向后发展,经过伸长、分化,逐渐形成伸长区的细胞。但由于原始细胞的存在,分生区始终能保持它原有的体积和作用。
根的顶端分生组织包括原分生组织和初生分生组织。原分生组织位于前端,由原始细胞及其最初的衍生细胞构成,细胞较少分化;初生分生组织位于原分生组织后方,由原分生组织的衍生细胞组成,这些细胞已出现了初步的分化,在细胞的形状、大小及液泡化等方面显出差异,分化为原表皮、基本分生组织和原形成层三部分。原表皮位于最外层,以后发育为表皮;原形成层位于中央,以后发育成维管柱;基本分生组织位于原形成层和原表皮之间,以后发育成皮层。
在许多植物根尖的分生区中,有一群分裂活动较弱的细胞群,其合成核酸和蛋白质的速度缓慢,线粒体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器也较少,它们形成了一个不活动的细胞区域,该区域也被称为静止中心( quiescent center)(图2-5)。该中心一般只占整个顶端分生组织的一小部分。
静止中心的功能现在还不十分清楚,但有研究表明它可能具有以下4种作用:①可能是合成某种植物激素的场所,对根的生长发育具有一定作用;②可能具有保持根顶端的组织结构模式的功能,这种顶端组织结构模式为成熟根的组织结构模式的建成提供了依据;③可以恢复细胞分裂功能,补充处于活动状态顶端分生组织的损伤;④由于处于不活动状态,因此能够抵抗不利环境条件的影响。

(图2-5玉米根尖纵切图)




pericycle:中柱鞘
endodermis:内皮
epidermis:表皮
cortex:皮质; 树皮; 果皮;
stele:石碑,石柱,匾额; 墙刻; 碑碣; 中柱;
phloem:韧皮部
procambium:前形成层;
protoxylem:原生木质部;
metaxylem:后生木质部;
casparian strip:凯氏带

protophloem:原生韧皮部
protoxylem:原生木质部
pericycle:中柱鞘
cortex:皮质


(三)伸长区
伸长区位于分生区稍后方的部位,其细胞分裂活动逐渐停止,体积扩大,细胞显著地沿根的长轴方向延伸,因此,称为伸长区。该区是初生分生组织向成熟区初生结构的过渡区。根的伸长生长主要是分生区细胞的分裂、增大和伸长区细胞的延伸共同活动的结果,特别是伸长区细胞的延伸,能使根显著地伸长,推动其在土壤中向前伸长,有利于根不断转移到新的环境,以便能吸收更多的矿物质营养。伸长区一般长约2—3 mm。短而粗的伸长区,较有利于根在土壤层中向前推进。伸长区的细胞,除显著地延伸外,其细胞分化也加速进行,最早的筛管和环纹导管,往往出现在该区域。

(四)根毛区
根毛区是由伸长区细胞分化而来的,位于伸长区的后方,其表皮常产生根毛,称为根毛区;该区内各种细胞已停止伸长,并且已经分化成熟,因此,也称为成熟区。根毛由表皮细胞外壁延伸而成(图2-6),是根的特有结构,一般是呈管状,角质层极薄,不分枝,长约0. 08~1.5 mm,数目多少不等,因植物种类各异。如玉米的根毛,每平方毫米约420根,豌疆每平方毫米约230根。根毛在发育过程中,和土壤颗粒黏结紧密,这是由于它的外壁上存在着黏液和果胶质,有利于根毛的吸收和固着作用,也使根毛在控制土壤侵蚀方面比根的其他部分更为重要和有效。根毛生长速度较快,而寿命较短,一般只有几天,多的在10~ 20d随即死亡。随着分生区衍生细胞的不断增大和分化,以及伸长区细胞不断地向前延伸,新的根毛也就连续地出现,替代枯死的根毛。根毛不断更新,使得新生长的根毛区随着根的生长向前推移,进入新的土壤区域,这对于促进根的吸收极其有利。伸长区和具根毛的成熟区是根的吸收力最强的部分,而失去根毛的成熟区部分,则主要起输导和支持的作用。在农、林、园艺实践中,移栽植物时必然会损害很多根尖和根毛,很容易造成水分吸收能力急剧下降。因此,在移栽植物后,必须灌溉充分和修剪枝叶,减少蒸腾,防止植物网过度失水而死亡。

图2-6根毛




protrusion:伸出,突出;
Mature Root: the primary tissues of the root begin to form within or just behind the Zone of Cellular Maturation in the root tip. The root apical meristem gives rise to three primary meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.
Epidermis: the epidermis is derived from the protoderm and surrounds the young root one cell layer thick. Epidermal cells are not covered by cuticle so that they can absorb water and mineral nutrients. As roots mature the epidermis is replaced by the periderm.
Cortex: interior to the epidermis is the cortex which is derived from the ground meristem. The cortex is divided into three layers: the hypodermis, storage parenchyma cells, and the endodermis. The hypodermis is the suberinized protective layer of cells just below the epidermis. The suberin in these cells aids in water retention. Storage parenchyma cells are thin-walled and often store starch. The endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex. Endodermal cells are closely packed and lack intercellular spaces. Their radial and transverse walls are impregnated with lignin an suberin to form the structure called the Casparian Strip. The Casparian Strip forces water and dissolved nutrients to pass through the symplast (living portion of the cell), thus allowing the cell membrane to control absorption by the root.
Stele: all tissues inside the endodermis compose the stele. The stele includes the outer most layer, pericycle, and the vascular tissues. The pericycle is a meristematic layer important in production of branch roots. The vascular tissues are made up of the xylem and phloem. In dicots the xylem is found as a star shape in the center of the root with the phloem located between the arms of the xylem star. New xylem and phloem is added by the vascular cambium located between the xylem and phloem. In monocots the xylem and phloem form in a ring with s the central portion of the root made up of a parenchymatous pith.


















