1
经济学
1.14 索引

A

Abbey,Edward爱德华•艾比,314

Abilities能力,334

Ability-to-pay principle(税收的)支付能力原则,284

Absolute advantage(国际贸易中的)绝对优势,257

Absolute inequality绝对不公平,333

Accelerator principle加速数原理,409

Accounting

    balance sheet收益表,117

    business accounts企业账户,369

    historical costs历史成本,119

    income statement损益表,118

Accounting conventions会计准则,119

Accounting scandals会计丑闻,303

Acid rain酸雨,489

Actual budget实际预算,618

Actual GDP实际GDP,353

Adaptive expectations适应性预期,612

Addiction,economics of上隐物品经济学,81

Adjusted gross income调整后的总收入,287

Adjustment mechanism调整机制,529

Administered market管理型市场,569

Adoption externality使用外部性,101

Adverse selection逆向选择,184

    social insurance社会保险,185

    advertising广告,150

    regulation管制,174

Affirmative action平权措施,226

AFL-CIO劳联一产联,221

After-tax income税后收入,290

Aggregate demand总需求,359,360,413

    demand management policies需求管理政策,562

    exogenous variables外生变量,411

    policy variables政策变量,411

    fiscal stimulus财政刺激,612

    impact of taxes税收影响,289

    monetarism vs.Keynesians货币主义与凯恩斯主义,603

    monetary policy货币政策,604

Aggregate demand curve总需求曲线,411~413

Aggregate production function总生产函数,102

    economies of scale规模经济,257

    neoclassical growth model新古典增长模型,490

    productivity生产率,485

    technological change技术变革,486

Aggregate supply总供给,559

    potential output潜在产出,560

    long and short run长期和短期,98

Aggregate supply curve总供给曲线,360,559

Aggregate supply schedule总供给表,559

Agriculture农业,64

    crop restrictions种植限制,164

    diminishing returns收益递减,195

    industrialization工业化,507

AIDS艾滋病,81,502

Airbus Industrie空中客车公司,145,257

Airline industry航空业,302

    cost cutting降低成本,133

    deregulation of解除管制,296,302

    price discrimination价格歧视,305

Akerlof,George A.乔治•阿克尔洛夫,77

Allocative efficiency配置效率,138,246

    general equilibrium一般均衡,246〜249

American Airlines美国航空,161

American Federation of Labor美国工人联合会,221

AmericanTobacco Company美国烟草公司,306

Anheuser-Busch安赫舍一布士,162

Anticipated inflation可预期的通货膨胀,582

Antidumping tariffs反倾销关税,269

Anti-inflation policies反通货膨胀政策,593

Antipoverty policies反贫困政策,339

    costs of redistribution再分配代价,339

    federal programs联邦项目,342

    impact of welfare reform福利改革影响,343

    incentive problem激励问题,342

    income security programs收入保障计划,342

    rise of welfare state福利国家的兴起,339

Antitrust law反托拉斯法,309

    Microsoft case微软案件,307

Antitrust policy反托拉斯政策,304

    AT&T case美国电报电话公司案例,307

    mergers合并(兼并),309

    IBM case IBM公司案例,307

Appreciation(通货)升值,526

Appropriable resources可分拨资源,316

Arbitrage套利,179

Arrow,Kenneth J.肯尼斯•阿罗,143,281

Asset prices资产价格,397

Assets资产,118

    implicit潜在的,437

    liquidity of流动性,440

    present value现值,439

    risk and return风险和收益,452

Asymmetric information信息不对称,184

Auction market拍卖型市场,569

Augmented national accounts扩充的国民收入账户,380

Austrian School奥地利学派,169

Automobile industry汽车业,146

Automobile market汽车市场,23

Average cost平均成本,

Average cost pricing平均成本定价,300

Average fixedcost平均固定成本,113

Average income平均收入,338

Average product平均产量,95

Average revenue平均收益,152

Average taxrate平均税率,286

Average variable cost平均可变成本,112-113

Average wage平均工资,216


B

Backward-bending supply curve向后弯曲的供给曲线,137

Backwardness hypothesis落后假说,507

Balanced budget预算平衡,617

Balance of international payments国际收支平衡表,521

    capital account 金融账户,521

    creditor nations 债权国,523 

    current account 经常账户,521 

    debtor nations 债务国,523 

    exchange rates 汇率,524 

   with gold standard 金本位制,529 

    statistical discrepancy 统计性歧视,224 

Balance on current account 经常账户,522 

Balance sheet 资产负债表,118 

Banking 银行,437 

    deposit creation 存款创造,451 

    final system equilibrium 最终系统均衡,449 

    first-generation banks 初级银行,450 

    money-supply multiplier 货币供给乘数,450 

    deposit insurance 存款保险,469 

    fractional-reserve 部分准备金,451 

    nontransactions accounts 非交易账户,469 

    saving accounts 储蓄账户,445 

    second-generation banks 第二级银行,449 

    third-generation banks 第三级银行,449 

    transactions accounts 交易账户,469 

Bank money 银行货币,447 

Bank panics 银行恐慌,451 

Bank reserves 银行准备金,451 0

    sink runs 银行挤兑,451 

Barriers to entry 进入壁垒,149

    advertising广告,150

    brandvalue品牌价值,151

    costs成本,150

   product differentiation产品差异化,159

Barro,Robert罗伯特•巴罗,409

Barter以物易物,443

Baruch,Bernard伯纳德•巴鲁克,457

Bastiat,Frederic弗雷德里克•巴斯夏,253

Behavioral economics行为经济学,77

Bell doctrine贝尔法则,393

Bell Laboratories贝尔实验室,492

Benefit principle(税收的)受益原则,294

Bentham,Jeremy吉尔•边沁,75

Bilateral monopoly双边垄断,222

Bilateral trade双边贸易,262

Birth rates出生率,504

Bismarck,Otto von奥托•冯•俾斯麦,339

Board of Governors of the Federal联邦货币委员会,462

reserve准备金,462

Boeing Company波音公司,183

Bonds债券,441

Boskin,Michael迈克尔•波斯金,382

Bottom line利润底线,117

Bounded rationality有限理性,169

Brand value品牌价值,151

Break-even point盈平衡点,39

Bretton Woods system布雷顿森林体系,531

Broad-money广义货币,445

Buchanan,James詹姆斯•布坎南,281

Budget,federal联邦预算,618

Budget Act of 1993 1993年预算法案,431

Budget Act of 1997 1997年预算法案,627

 Budgetary expenditures/patterns 预算支出/模式,283 

Budgetary rules 预算规则,627 

Budget constraints 预算约束,90 

Budget deficit 预算赤字,617 

    crowding-out effect 挤出效应,432 

    macroeconomic data 宏观经济数据,366 

    net exports 净出口,474 

    short-run vs. long-run 短期和长期,98 

    structural vs. cyclical 结构性和周期性,618 

Budget line 预算线,89 

    point of tangency 切点,90

Budget surplus 预算盈余,617 

Bumper harvests 丰收,164 

    crop restrictions 种植限制,164 

    paradox 悖论,62 

Bundesbank 德意志联邦银行,574 

Bureau of Economic Analysis 经济分析局,3 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 劳工统计局,3 

Business accounting 企业会计,117 

Business accounts 企业账户,369

Business cycles 商业周期,619 

Business cycle theories 商业周期理论,407 

    equilibrium theories 均衡理论,409 

    multiplier-accelerator model 乘数加速数模型,409 

    multiplier model 乘数模型,620 

    real-business-cycle theory 真实商业周期理论,409 

    speculative boom and bust 投机泡沬和破灭,408 

    supply-shock theory 供给冲击理论,410 

Business profits 企业利润,117 

Business unionism 经济工会主义,221


C

Capital资本,29, 232 

Capital account 资本账户,523 

Capital accumulation 资本积累,238, 489 

Capital allocation 资i配置,233 

Capital deepening 资本深化,490 

Capital formation 资本形成,486 

    economic development 经济发展,505 

    economic growth 经济增长,484 

Capital gain or loss 资本利得,497 

Capital goods 资本品 323 

    present value analysis 现值分析,235~236 

Capitalism 资本主义,405 

    business fluctuations 经济波动,409 

Capital-labor ratio 资本一劳动比率,490

Capital markets 资本市场,512 

Capital-output ratio 资本一产出比率,494〜495 

Capital stock 资本存量,621 

Carbon dioxide emissions 二氧化碳的排放,327 

Carbon tax 碳税,327 

Carlyle, Thomas 托马斯•卡莱克,278 

Cartels 卡特尔,163 

    cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡,188 

    OPEC石油输出国组织,164 

Cash现金,119

Cash assistance programs 现金援助计划,343 

Causality, post hoc fallacy 后此谬误,5 

Central banks 中央银行,461 

    control of money 货币控制,444 

    deposit creation process 存款创造过程,448 

    European Union 欧盟,551 

    liquidity trap 流动性陷阱,583 

    open economies 开放经济,469 

Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济,140 

Cheap foreign labor 国外廉价劳动力,269 

Checking accounts 支票账户,444 

Chicago Board of Trade 芝加哥期货交易所,23 

Chicago School 芝加哥学派,310 

Choice 选择,73 

    utility theory 效用理论,73 

Cigarette taxes 香烟税,285

Circular flow 循环流动,247 

Circular flow diagram 循环流动图,248 

Civil Aeronautics Board 民航管理局,302 

Classical economics 古典理论,561, 599, 602 

    comparative advantage 比较优势,257 

    economic growth 经济增长,487 

    income distribution 收入分配,262, 332 

    Say's law of markets 萨伊市场定律,600 

Classical theory of capital 古典资本理论,240 

Classical unemployment 古典失业,223 

Clayton Antitrust Act 克莱顿反托拉斯法,305 

Clean Air Act of 1990 1990年《空气洁净法》,297 

Closed economy 封闭经济,545 

    saving and investment 储蓄和投资,545 

    employment 就业,545 

Coase, Ronald 罗纳德•科斯,32,105 

Coefficient of price elasticity 价格弹性系数,58 

Coins 硬币,444

Collective bargaining 集体协议,221

    contracts 合同,221 

    game theory 博弈论,185 

    menu costs 菜单成本,569 

Collusion 相互勾结,163 

Collusive oligopoly 勾结寡头,163 

Command economy 指令经济,7 

Commercial banks 商业银行,436

Commodities 商品,261 

Commodity money 商品货币,444 

Common currency 统一货币,532 

cost-benefit analysis 成本一收益分析,84 

    European Union 欧盟,551 

Common stock 普通股,104

Common-stock index funds 普通股指数基金,456

Communism 共产主义,509 

Comparative advantage 比较优势,257 

    triangular/multilateral trade 三角/多边贸易,262 

    gains from trade 贸易利得,258 

    graphical analysis 图解,259

    and production possibilities frontier 生产可能性边界,259 

    classical assumptions 古典假定,262

    income distribution 收入分配,262, 332 

    supply and demand analysis 供求分析,263 

Compensating differentials 补偿性(工资)差异,217 

Competition 竞争,24

    perfect competition 完全竞争,129 

    infant industry argument 幼稚产业论点,270

    laissez-faire 自由放任,22, 278 

    market power 市场力量,162, 297

    productivity 生产率,550 

    promote innovation 促进创新,631 

Competitive capitalism 竞争资本主义,22 

Competitive equilibrium 竞争性均衡,138

Competitive firms 竞争企业,128

Competitive-market demand curve竞争性市场需求曲线,204

Competitiveness竞争力,550

Complements互补品,80

Compound interest复利,314

Computer industry计算机产业,270

Concentrated industries竞争行业,132

Concentration ratios集中率,162

Conglomerate mergers混合兼并,309

Gongressior^l budget constraints国会预算约束,627

Congressional Budget Office国会预算办公室,591

Constant cost成本不变,136, 259

Consumer behavior消费者行为,77

Consumer choice消费者选择,77

Consumer confidence消费者信心,387

Consumer demand消费者需求,125

Gonsumer preforGncos消费者偏好,39

Consumer price index消费者价格指数,355

Consumers消费者,101

Consumer surplus消费者剩余,183

Consumer tastes消费者偏好,25

Consumption消费,386

Consumption function 消费函数,390

Consumption goods 消费品,368

Consumption-possibility curve 消费可能性曲线,260

Consumption taxes 消费税,288

Contingent valuation 或发价值,323

Contractionary monetary policy 扩张性货币政策,474 

Convergence 趋同,507

Cool heads, warm hearts 冷静的头脑,热切的心灵,6 

Cooperative behavior 合作行为,163 

Cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡,188 

Copyright 版权,170 Cornucopians 富足论者,313 

Corporate bonds 公司债券,441 

Corporate income tax 公司所得税,288 

Corporations 公司,104 

Cost-benefit analysis 成本一收益分析,84 

Cost curves 成本曲线,115 

U-shaped,

U型曲线,115

Cost-minimization assumption 成本最小化假设,116 

Cost of capital 资本成本,398 

Cost of living 生活成本,337 

Cost-plus markup price .

成本加成定价,169 

Cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀,587 

Costs成本,120, 136 

    average cost 平均成本,111 

    fixed costs 固定成本,113 

    marginal cost 边际成本,110 

    substitution rule 替代法则,117 

    total cost 总成本,109 

    variable costs 可变成本,110

Costs of production 生产成本,377 

Countercyclical trade 反周期贸易,543 

Countervailing duties 抵消关税,269 

Coupon rationing 票证配给,70 

Carft unions 行会,221 

Credibility 信誉,192 

Credit cards 信用卡,396 

Creditor nations 债权国,523 

Currencies 货币,437 

Currency boards 货币委员会,532 

Current assets 流动资产,119

Current consumption, sacrifice of 牺牲当前消费,129 

Current-consumption goods 当前消费品,11 

Current disposable income 当前可支配收入,394 

Curves 曲线,61

Cutthroat competition 残酷竞争,147 

Cyclical budget 周期性预算,618 

Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业,567


D

Deadweight loss 净损失,172 

Death taxes 死亡税,334 

Debits借方,521〜522 

Debtor nations 债务国,523 

Decision rule 决策原则,169 

Declining marginal product 边际产品递减,202

Decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减,98, 102 

Defense spending 国防支出,362, 429〜430 

Deflation 通货紧缩,356, 380 

Degrading products 次级品,168 

Deindustrialization 去工业化,550

Demand 需求,82

    price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性,82 

    effect of consumer preferences 消费者偏好的影响,39 

    equimarginal principle 等边际法则,76,77 

    independent goods 独立品,80, 81 

    indifference curves 无差异曲线,88~92 

Demand curve 需求曲线,40 

    income effect 收入效应,41, 78 

    paradox of value 价值悖论,83~84 

    substitution effect 替代效应,78 

    utility theory 效用理论,74~77 

Demand elasticity 需求弹性,60 

Demand management 需求管理,624 

Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀,586 

Demand rule 需求原则,135

Demand schedule 需求表,40 

Demerit goods 害品,81

Democratic evolution 民主进程,512 

Democratic systems 民主制度,631

Demographics of unemployment 失业的人口统计,570 

Demographic transition 人口统计转型,504

Department of Agriculture 农业部,64~65 

Department of Commerce 商务部,625 

Department of Defense 军方,268 

Deposit creation 存款创造,469~470 

Deposit insurance 存款保险,470 

Depreciation (资产)折旧?117, 374 

Depreciation (of currencies) 通货(贬值),526 

Depression ?萧条,406 

Deregulation 解除管制,302 

    Bell doctrine 贝尔法则,302〜303 

Derived demand 派生需求,200 

Devaluation 降值,526

Developing countries 发展中国家,501 

Differentiated products 差异化产品,147 

Diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减,84, 182~183 

Diminishing returns 报酬递减,124-125 

    U-shaped cost curves 

    U型成本曲线,115〜116 

Direct pollution controls 控污,324 

Direct production 直接生产,28~29 

Direct taxes 直接税,285 

Discount policy 贴现政策,464 

Discount rate 贴现率,466 

Discrimination 歧视,224 

Disequilibrium 非均衡,419 

Disinflation 反通货膨胀,593 

Disposable income 可支配收入,331, 378

Distribution theory 分配理论,199 

Division of labor 劳动分工,27~28

Dollar-denominated assets 以美元衡置的资产,437 

Domestic demand 国内需求,537 

Domestic product 国内产品,537 

Dominant equilibrium 占优均衡,187 

Dominant strategy 占优策略,187 

Dominated asset 占优资产,446 

Double taxation 双重课税,104

Downward-sloping aggregate demand curve向下倾斜的总需求曲线,394~395

Downward-sloping demand curve向下倾斜的需求曲线,76~77

Dumping倾销,168

Dumping duty倾销税,269

Duopoly双头垄断,166, 186 

Duopoly price game 双寡头垄断的价格博弈,186


E

Earned-income tax credit 所得税抵免,343

Earnings 收入,198

Earnings-cost approach to GDP 统计GDP的收入流量法,369 

Earnings differentials 收入差异,223~226 

Earnings flow 收入流,368~369 

Econometric models 经济计量模型,410 

Econometrics 经济计量学,5

Economic approach to antitrust 反托拉斯的经济方法,304 

Economic costs 经济成本,117〜120

Economic development 经济发展,501 ~514 

Economic discrimination 经济歧视,223~226 

Economic goods 经济品,4 

Economic growth 经济增长,484 

    Adam Smith 亚当•斯密,126

    four wheels 四个轮子,485 

    displacement of capital 资本替代,621 

    historical trends 历史趋势,620 

Economic integration 经济一体化,28~29 

Economic opportunity 经济机会,339~340 

Economic organization 经济组织,6 

Economic outcomes 经济成果,340 

Economic package 一揽子经济协议,221 

Economic problem 经济问题,24~25 

Economic profits 经济利润,130-131 

    zero-economic profit condition 零经济利润条件,130 

Economic regulation 经济管制,297 

Economic rent 经济租金,136 

    unique individuals 独特个人,219 

Economics 经济学,3 

    Austrian School 奥地利学派,169 

    behavioral 行为,77

    concept of equilibrium 均衡概念,49, 50 

    sunk cost principle 沉没成本原则,143 

Economics of information 信息经济学,169 

Economics of mass production 大批量生产经济学,103

Economics of risk 风险经济学,182〜183 

Economics of uncertainty 不确定性经济学,182~183 

Economic stability 经济稳定,34 

Economic stimulus 经济刺激,137〜139 

Economic surplus 经济剩余,139 

Economic systems 经济系统,230 

    command economy 指令经济,7 

    laissez-faire economy 自由放任经济,7, 22 

    market economy 市场经济,7, 23〜27 

    mixed economy 混合经济,7, 22 

    technological possibilities 技术可能性,7~12 

Economies of scale 规模经济,97〜98 

Economies of scope 范围经济,297〜298 

Economy 经济,24, 25 

business fluctuations 商业周期波动,405 

    centrally-planned 中央计划,166 

    circular flow diagram 循环流动图,24~25 

    equilibrium 均衡,360~361 

    factors of production 生产要素,8 

    government control 政府控制,276~280 

    government role 政府作用,345

 Ecosystems 生态系统,323 

Effective tax rate 有效税率,286 

Efficiency 效率,138

Efficiency-wage theory 效率工资理论,610

Efficient financial market 有效金融市场,455

Efficient market 有效市场,455 

Efficient market theory 有效市场理论,455 

Efficient tax theory 有效税收理论,232 

Eight-firm concentration ratio 八企业集中率,161 

Elastic demand 富有弹性的需求,58 

Elasticity 弹性,58

Elasticity coefficient 弹性系数,58 

Elastic supply 供给弹性,204~205 

Embedded network technology 已被使用的网络技术,101 

Emergency spending 紧急支出,627 

Emerging markets 新兴市场,505 

Emission fees 排放费,324 

Emission permits 排放许可证,325 

Employed persons 就业人员,564 

Employment 就业,564

Employment act of 1946 1946年就业法案,352 

Energy-market crisis 资源市场危机,505 

Energy price controls 能源价格管制,69 

Energy prices 能源价格,69 

Engel’s law 恩格尔定律,387 

Entitlement programs 福利计划,282 

Entrepreneurship 企业家精神,236 

Entry进入,132 

Entry restrictions 进入限制,149 

Environment 环境,325 

    climate change 气候变化,325

    Kyoto Protocol 《京都议定书》,327 

Environmental accounts 环境账户,379 

Environmental damage 环境破坏,380

Environmental economics 环境经济学,320~327 

    Coase theorem 科斯定理,326

    contingent valuation 或发价值,323 

    externalities 外部性,324

Environmentalism 环境保护主义,313 

Equal-cost lines 等成本线,125 

Equal-product curves 等产量曲线,125 

Equation of exchange 交易方程式,603 

Equilibrium 均衡,419

Equilibrium business cycle theories均衡商业周期理论,409

Equilibrium foreign exchange rate均衡汇率,524

Equilibrium GDP均衡GDP, 540

Equilibrium interest rate均衡利率,472

Equilibrium output均衡产出,540

Equilibrium price均衡价格,47

Equilibrium price ratio均衡价格比率,259

Equilibrium quantity均衡产量,50

Equilibrium wage均衡工资,208

Equimarginal principle等边际法则,76

Equity premium股权溢价,237

Essential natural resources必需的自然资源,317

Euro欧元,552

European Central Bank 欧洲中央银行,552〜553

European Monetary System/Union 欧洲货币体系,551 

    common currency 统一货币,552 

    convergence criteria 趋于一致,552 

European Union 欧盟,150

    elimination of trade barriers 贸易壁垒消除,273 

    exchange-rate crisis 汇率危机,519 

    monetary union 货币工会,531

Excess demand 过度需求,589 

Excess reserves 多余准备金,451 

Excess supply 超额供给,589 

Exchange 交换,442 

Excise taxes 货物税,288

Exclusion, discrimination by 排斥性歧视,224 

Exclusive dealing 独家经销,305 

Exit退出,132

Exogenous business cycle theory 外生商业周期理论,407 

Exogenous expenditure 外生支出,422 

Exogenous variables 外生变量,475〜477 

Expansionary anti-inflation policies 扩张的反通货膨胀政策,594~595 

Expansionary monetary policy 扩张的货币政策,474 

Expansions 扩张,406 

Expectations mm, 241 

    inertial inflation 惯性通货膨胀,587 

Expenditure multiplier 支出乘数,428 

Expenditures 支出,428 

Exponential growth 指数增长,314

Exports 出口,537 

Externalities 外部性,31


F

Factor demand 要素需求,199〜201 

    derived demand 派生需求,199 

    marginal revenue product 边际收益产品,202 

Factor income 要素收入,198

Factor-income distribution theory要素收入分配理论,207~208

Factor market要素市场,24, 195

Factor prices要素价格,24

Factors of production生产要素,8, 204

Fairness in taxation税收公平,289〜290

Fallacy of composition合成谬误,5

Family net worth家庭净值,200

Farming, long-run decline农业长期衰落,64

Farm prices农产品价格,64~65

Fast-food workers快餐工人,205

Federal excise tax联邦货物税,288

Federal expenditures联邦支出,283

Federal funds rate联邦基金利率,466

Federal Open Market Committee联邦公开市场委员会,461

Federal Reserve Act of 1913  1913年联邦准备法,461

Federal Reserve Banks联邦储备银行,464

Federal Reserve currency联邦储备货币,464

Federal Reserve System联邦储备系统,461

Fed funds rate 联邦基金利率,466 

Federal taxation 联邦税,285 

Fiat money 法定货币,443 

Fiduciary regulation 管制受托人,469 

Final goods 最终产品,368~369 

Financial account 金融账户,523 

Financial assets 金融资产,233, 437 

Financial finagling 财务欺诈,119 

Financial instruments 金融工具,436~438 

Financial intermediaries 金融中介,436 

Financial investment 金融投资,374 

Financial market integration 金融市场一体化,27 

Financial markets 金融市场,436 

Financial regulation 金融管制,469 

Financial speculation 金融投机,180 

Financial statements 财务报表,118〜119 

Financial strategies 金融策略,456 

Financial system 金融系统,436 

Firms 企业,569 

    choice of inputs 投入选择,116 

    investing in technology 技术投资,630 

    individual proprietorship 个人业主制,103 

    partnership 合伙制,104 

    portfolio management 投资组合管理,436 

First-generation banks 第一级银行,448 

Fiscal federalism 财政联邦制,281

Fiscal incidence 财政归宿,291 

Fiscal-monetary mix 财政一货币政策组合,626 

Fiscal policy财政政策,357, 430, 618 

Fiscal-policy multiplier 财政政策乘数,428 

Fisher, Irving 欧文•费雪,238 

Fitzgerald, F. Scott 斯克特•菲茨杰拉尔德,197 

Fixed assets 固定资产,119 

Fixed cost 固定成本,109 

Fixed exchange rates 固定汇率,529 

Fixed factors of production 生产的固定要素,98〜99 

Fixed rules 固定规则,611 

Fixed supply 固定供给,136 

Flat tax proposal 统一税建议,288 

Flexible exchange rates 弹性汇率制,533 

Floating exchange rates 浮动汇率制,533 

Flow of funds 资金的流动,437 

Flow of income 收入流,199

Flow-of-products approach to GDP GDP的产品流量法,368 

Flows 流量,118 

    goods 产品,368 

Food, spending on 食品支出,386 

Forecasting 预测,410 

Foreign aid 外国援助,280 

Foreign borrowing 国外贷款,504~505 

Foreign desk 对外窗口,470 

Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资,551

Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场,524 

Foreign exchange rates 外汇汇率,524 

For whom to produce 为谁生产,24

Four-firm concentration ratio 四企业集中率,161 

Fractional-reserve banking 部分准备金银行,447 

Franchise monopolies 特许垄断权,150 

Frank, Robert H.罗伯特•法兰克,191 

Freely flexible exchange rate 自由浮动汇率,533 

Free-market pricing 自由市场定价,514 

Free markets 自由市场,514 

Free trade 自由贸易,263, 272 

Free trade areas 自由贸易区,150 

Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业,567 

Friedman, Milton 米尔顿•弗里德曼,602 

Fringe benefits 额外福利,221

Frost, Robert 罗伯特•弗洛斯特,537 

Full employment 充分就业,600

Fully distributed average cost 分摊平均成本,299 

Fundamental equation of growth accounting增长核算的基本方程,495 

Fundamental identity of balance sheet 资产负债表的基本恒等式,118 

Future-consumption goods 未来消费品,111


G

Gains from trade 贸易利得,27 

Galloping inflation 急剧通货膨胀,580 

Gambling 赌博,182~183

Game theory 博弈论,185 

    collective bargaining 集体协议,221, 222 

Gasoline market 汽油市场,146~147 

Gasoline prices 汽油价格,39 

Gasoline tax 汽油税,66 

GDP deflator GDP紧缩指数,371

GDP price index GDP价格指数,381 

Gender gap 性别差距,225 

General equilibrium 一般均衡,246~250 

General equilibrium analysis —般均衡分析,249 

General sales tax 一般销售税,289 

General wage level 一般工资水平,212 

Gerschenkron, Alexander 亚历山大•格申克龙,507 

Gini coefficient 基尼系数,333 

Global environment 全球环境,280, 489 

Globalization 全球化,358

    international linkages 国际联系,358 ~

Global liquidity crisis全球流动性危k, 469〜470

Global Positioning System全球定位系统,33

Global public goods全球公共品,321

Global warming全球变暖,326〜327

Gold standard金本位制,529

Goods and services商品和服务(或物品和劳务),368, 538

Goods flow产品流,368

Government debt政府负债,617

Government expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数,428

Government expenditures政府支出,627

Government failures政府不灵,35

Government ownership政府所有制,173

Government purchases政府购买,356

Government securities政府证券,437

Great Depression大萧条,262~263

Green accounts绿色账户,380

Greenhouse effect温室效应,326〜327

Greenspan, Alan艾伦•格林斯潘,461

Gross debt总债务,617

Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值,353, 367

Gross investment总投资,374

Gross national product国民生产总值,376

Gross private domestic investment国内私人总投资,379

Growth accounting增长核算,495


H

Hamilton, Alexander亚历山大•汉密尔顿,270

Hard fixed exchange rate“硬”的固定汇率,531

Health, and economic development卫生和经济发展,504

Health care spending医疗保健支出,388

Hedging套期保值,180

Hemingway, Ernest厄内斯特•海明威,197

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index赫芬达尔一赫希曼指数,161

High employment高就业,355

High-income nations高收入国家,6

High-risk nations 高风险国家,549 

Historical costs 历史成本,119 

Holdup problem 敲竹杠问题,105 

Horizontal axis 横轴,16 

Horizontal equity 横向公平,284 

Horizontal mergers 横向兼并,309 

Human capital 人力资本,218 

Hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀,356


I

Illegal conduct 非法行为,305 

Illegal drugs 非法毒品,82

Illiquid assets 非流动性资产,440 

Imitating technology 技术模仿,505 

Immigration 移民,50

Imperfect competition 不完全竞争,31,146 

Imperfect information 不完全信息,279 

Implicit assets 潜在资产,438

Implicit returns 隐含收益,236 

Import competition 进口竞争,309 

Import relief 进口援助,269 

Import restrictions 进口限制,150 

Imports 进口,537

Import substitution 进口替代,508 

Inappropriability 不可划拨性,170 

Inappropriable resources 不可分i资源,170, 316

Incidence of a tax 税收归宿,66 

Income 收入,198 

Income change 收入变化,91 

Income classes 收入等级,332 

Income distribution 收入分布,332

Income distribution theory 收入分配理论,199 

Income effect 收入效应,41, 78 

Income elasticity 收入弹性,78 

Income inequality 收入不公平,332~334 

Income-possibility curve 收入可能性曲线,340 

Income redistribution 收入再分配,339 

Income security programs 收入保障计划,342 

Incomes policies 收入政策,358 

Income statement 收益表,117 

Income support systems 收入支持计划,395 

Income tax 所得税,288

Income velocity of money 货币收入周转率,603 

Increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增,98 

Independent goods 独立品,80

Indexed bonds 指数型债券,442

Index number problem 指数数值问题,382 

Index of leading indicators 领先指标的指数,410

Indifference curves 无差异曲线,88 

Indifference map 无差异图,88 

Indirect taxes 间接税,285 

Individual commodities 单个商品,39

Individual demand个人需求,78〜80

Individual income tax个人所得税,286

Individual proprietorship个人所有制,103

Industrialization versus agriculture工业化和农业,507, 508

Industrial organization产业组织,163

Industrial policies工业政策,548

Industrial Revolution工业革命,26, 485

Industrial unions工业工会,221

Industry supply, long run产业的长期供给,134

Inefficiency loss from monopoly垄断的无效率损失,172

Inelastic demand缺乏弹性的需求,58

Inelastic supply缺乏弹性的供给,63

Inertial rate of inflation惯性通货膨胀率,586

Inferior goods劣品,79

Inflation通货膨胀,380

Inflation-protected securities通胀保值债务,442

Inflation rate通货膨胀率,380

Inflation targeting设定通货膨胀目标,62^

Inflation-unemployment tradeoff通货膨胀一失业的权衡,592

Inflexible costs可变成本,110

Information economy信息经济,169

Information failures信息不完全,298

Information technology信息技术,169

Inheritance继承,337

Inheritance taxes遗产税,334

Innovation创新,237

Innovational profits 创新利润,237 

Innovator 创新者,237

Input costs, and aggregate supply 投入成本和总供给,485 

Inputs 投入,8 

Insurable risk 可投保风险,236

Insurance 保险,183 

    adverse selection 逆向选择,184 

    moral hazard 道德风险,184 

    social insurance 社会保险,185 

Insurance companies 保险公司,437 

Intangible capital 无形资本,548 

Intellectual property rights 知识产权,170 

Interest 利息,314 

    classical theory 古典理论,239〜241 

    compound 复利,314

Interest-group theories of regulation 管制的利益集团理论,298 

Interest rate (s)利率,234

Interest-rate targeting 利率目标设定,607 

Intermediate goods 中间产品,369 

Intermediate targets 中间目标,464

Internal business cycle theory 商业周期内因论,407 

International adjustment mechanism 国际调整机制,529 

International competition 国际竞争,595 

International economic policy 国际经济政策,280 

International financial management 国际金融管理,358 

International financial system 国际金融体系,519

International linkages 国际联系,358 

International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金,531 

International monetary system 国际货币制度,528

     Bretton Woods system布雷顿森林体系,531 

International money holdings 国际货币持有量,469 

International payments equilibrium 国际收支均衡,530 

International public goods 全球性公共品,281 

International trade 国际贸易,255~256 

Interstate Commerce Commission 州际商务委员会,296〜297 

Intervention 干预,532 

Intrinsic value 内在价值,444 

Inverse relationships 反向关系,18 

Investment (s)投资,374

Investment demand curve 投资需求曲线,399 

Investment income 投资收益,522 

Investment multiplier 投资乘数,428 

Investment opportunities 投资机会,239

Involuntary unemployment 非自愿失业,569 

Irrational behavior 非理性行为,77 

Irrational exuberance 非理性繁荣,454 

Isoquant 等产量,125


J

Job creation 创造就业机会,271 

Jobs 工作

    differences差异,217

    new immigrants 新移民,220


K

Kelvin, Lord 开尔文,367

Keynes, John Maynard 约翰•梅纳德•凯恩斯,599 

Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学,599 

Keynesian multiplier model 凯恩斯乘数模型,418 

Keynesian revolution 凯恩斯革命,34,

Keynesian unemployment 凯恩斯非就业,222~223 

King, Stephen 斯蒂芬•金,190 

Klein, Lawrence 劳伦斯•克莱因,410 

Klitgaard, Robert 罗伯特•克里歌德,510 

Knight, Frank 弗兰克•奈特,109 

Krugman, Paul 保罗•克鲁格曼,616


L

Labor 劳动,490 

capital-labor ratio 资本一■劳动比率,490 

Labor demand curve 劳动需求曲线,203~204 

Labor force 劳动力,564 

Labor-force participation 劳动力参与程度,215 

Labor-force participation rate 劳动力参与率,215 

Labor income 劳动收入,198 

Labor income inequality 劳动收入不公平,334 

Labor legislation 劳动法,221

 Labor market 劳动市场,212〜226

Labor market segmentation劳动市场细分,220

Labor measurements劳动衡量,94〜95

Labor productivity劳动生产率,102

Labor quality劳动质量,218

Labor-shortage economy劳动缺乏经济,569

Labor submarket劳动次级市场,220

Labor supply劳动供给,215

Labor supply curve劳动供给曲线,137

Laffer, Arthur阿瑟•拉弗,610

Laffer curve拉弗曲线,610

Lags, in government policies政府政策滞后,624

Land土地,208 

    marginal product 边际产品,208 

    market equilibrium 市场均衡,231 

    rent income 租金收入,208

    rent租金,230

    single-tax movement 单一税运动,232 

Large-scale production 规模生产,97 

Law, and market economy 市场经济定律,28

Law of diminishing marginal product 边际收益递减规律,95 

Law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律,74 

Law of downward-sloping demand 需求向下倾斜规律,40 

Law of substitution 替代规律,88 

Least-cost conditions 最低成本的条件,203 

Least-cost factor combination 最低成本要素组合,125

Least-cost rule 最小成本法则,116 

Least-cost tangency 最低成本切点,126 

Legal reserve requirements 法定准备金要求,448 

Legal restrictions 法律限制,149 

Leisure闲暇,77

Lemons, market for 柠檬市场,77 

Liabilities 负债,118

Life-cycle hypothesis of consumption生命周期消费假说,394

Life-cycle saving生命周期储蓄,336

Life expectancy预期寿命,501

Lifetime income and taxes终生收入和税收,291

Limited liability有限责任,104

Local government expenditures地方政府支出,283

Local public goods地方公共品,281

Local taxes地方税收,289

Long run长期,98

Long-run aggregate supply 长期总供给,559

Long-run aggregate supply schedule 长期总供给表,559 

Long-run economic growth 长期经济增长,612, 617 

Long-run equilibrium 长期均衡,132 

Long-run industry supply 产业的长期供给,134 

Long-run Phillips curve 长期菲利浦斯曲线,605 

Long-run price, and zero-profit point 长期价格和零利润点,132, 133 

Long-run steady state growth 长期稳定状态增长,491 

Long-run supply curve 长期供给曲线,132 

Long-term bonds 长期债券,442

Long-term interest rate 长期利率,466 

Lorenz curve洛伦茨曲线,332, 333, 345 

Loss minimization 亏损最小化,131 

Low inflation低通货膨胀,578 

Low-skilled workers 非熟练劳工,216

Low-wage workers, and minimum wage 低工资劳工,和最低工资,69 

Lucas, Robert E., Jr.罗伯特•卢卡斯,416

 Lucas critique 卢卡斯批评,611 

Lump-sum taxes 一次性总付税收,425 

Luxuries奢侈品,10, 11, 58


M

Macroeconomic data 宏观经济数据,366

 Macroeconomic demand 宏观经济学的需求,412 

Macroeconomic equilibrium 宏观经济均衡,361 

Macroeconomic policies 宏观经济政策,29, 34 

Macroeconomics 宏观经济学,4, 351 

Macroeconomic schools 宏观经济学派,600 

Macroeconomic waste 宏观经济的浪费,601 

Malkiel, Burton 伯顿•麦考尔,459 

Malthus, Thomas R.马尔萨斯,314, 315 

Managed capitalism 有管理的资本主义,511 

Managed exchange rates 管理汇率制,533 

Management 管理,45,106 

    production process 生产流程,45 

    stockholders 股东,106

Manufacturing 制造,550 

    deindustrialization 去工业化,550 

Marginal cost 边际成本,11〇~112 

Marginal cost = price rule 边际成本等于价格,129 

Marginal-cost pricing 边际成本定价,140, 299 

Marginal principle 边际原则,156 

Marginal private benefit 私人边际收益,322 

Marginal product 边际产量,95 

Marginal product curve 边际产品曲线,208 

Marginal productivity 边际生产率,213 

Marginal productivity theory 边际生产率理论,213 

Marginal product of capital 资本的边际产品,239 

Marginal product of labor 劳动的边际产品,202, 203 

Marginal product of land 土地的边际产品,202, 203 

Marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向,391 

Marginal propensity to import 边际进口倾向,541 

Marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向,393 

Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率,88 

Marginal revenue 边际收益,152 

Marginal revenue curve 边际收益曲线,153, 323 

Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品,202 

Marginal tax rate 边际税率,286 

Marginal utility 边际效用,74 

Marginal utility of income 收入的边际效用,76 

Maritz, Paul 保罗•马里茨,308 

Market (s)市场,23

    addictive substances 上隐物品,82 

    auction vs. administered 拍卖型与管理型,569 

    black market 黑市,70

    partial equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析,246 

    perfectly competitive firms 完全竞争企业,128, 129 , 304 

    perfectly competitive industries 完全竞争产业,155,174, 302 

    random movements 随机运动,39 

    winner-take-all胜者全得,贏家通吃,101, 190, 191 

    world of imperfect competition 不完全竞争世界,145 

Market basket of goods 一揽子市场商品,381 

Market-clearing price 市场出清价格,47 

Market-clearing wage 市场出清工资,223 

Market-clearing wage level 市场出清工资水平,223 

Market demand 市场需求,41, 204 

Market demand curve 市场需求曲线,41 

Market economy 市场经济,7 

Market equilibrium 市场均衡,46, 47

Market equilibrium of supply and de-mand供给和需求的市场均衡,24 

Market failure 市场不灵,141 

Market incentives 市场激励,191.

Market income 市场收入,199 

Market interest rate 市场利率,239 

Market mechanism 市场机制,22, 23 

Market power 市场力置,162, 297 

Market price 市场价格,25, 30 

Market psychology 市场心理,452

Market share 市场份额,101, 146 

Market size 市场规模,42 

Market structure 市场结构,45 

Market supply 市场供给,132 

Market value 市场价值,29, 151 

Market wage structure 市场工资结构,220 

Markup pricing 成本加成定价法,168,169 

Marshall, Alfred *艾尔弗雷德•马歇尔,132 

Mass production 大规模生产,102 

Maximum ceilings 最高上限,67 

Maximum output 最大产出,560 

McKinsey Global Institute 麦肯锡全球问题研究所,550 

Measure of dispersion 离散测量,452

Medical insurance, adverse selection医疗保险,逆向选择,184

Medicare医疗保健,283

Medicaid医疗补助,283

Medium of exchange交易媒介,442, 443

Mellon, Andrew安德鲁•梅隆,157

Menu costs菜单成本,569

Mercantilism重商主义,268

Merchandise trade商品交易,23

Mergers合并,兼并,305~309 

Merit goods 益品,81

Microeconomic curve 微观经济学曲线,18 

Microeconomic demand 微观经济学的需求,412 

Microeconomics 微观经济学,4, 351

Microeconomic waste 微观经济的浪费,601 

Mill, John Stuart约翰•斯图亚特•穆勒,270, 628 

Minimum attainable costs 可以达到的最小成本,110 

Minimum average cost 最低平均成本,113, 183 

Minimum floors 最低下限,67 

Minimum wage 最低工资,67 

Minorities少数民族,224, 225 

Missing market 市场的缺失,184 

Mixed economy 混合经济,7, 34, 35 

Monetarism 货币主义,602, 603 

Monetarist experiment 货币主义的实验,607 

Monetarist revolution 货币主义的革命,35 

Monetary aggregates 货币总量,470 , 471 

Monetary contractions 货币紧缩,362, 412 

Monetary expansion 货币扩张,474 

Monetary policy 货币政策,357, 473,474 

Monetary rules 货币规则,606

Monetary transmission mechanism 货币传导机制,470 

Monetary union 货币联盟,532, 536 

Money货币,358, 442 

Money creation 货币创造,447, 450 

Money demand 货币需求,471 

Money interest rate 货币利率,441, 442 

Money-leisure metric 货币一闲暇制,248 

Money market 货币市场,471, 472 

Money market shifts 货币市场变动,472

Money supply货币供给,471

Money-supply growth货币供给增加,475, 530

Money-supply multiplier货币供给乘数,450

Monopolistic competition垄断竞争,147, 164

Monopoly垄断,145〜157

Monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡,154

Monopoly profits垄断利润,173

Monopoly structure垄断结构,307

Moral hazard道德风险,184

Mortgage resellers抵押品再销售者,437

Most-favored-nation status“最惠国”待遇,272

Movement along aggregate demand curve沿着总需求曲线的移动,413

Movement along demand curve沿着需求曲线的移动,44

Movements along curves沿着曲线的移动,43

Multicurve diagrams多曲线图,20

Multilateral trade多边贸易,262

Multilateral trade agreements多边贸易协议,262

Multiplier (s)乘数,422 

Multiplier model 乘数模型,419 

Mundell, Robert 罗伯特•曼德尔,552 

Mutual funds 共同基金,120, 437


N

NAIRU非加速通货膨胀的失业率,560, 589

Naive forecasts天真预测,410〜411

Narrow money狭义货币,445

NASDAQ index纳斯达克指数,455

Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡’ 188 

National accounts 国民账户,379, 382 

National consumption 国民消费,394

National consumption function 国民消费函数,395 

National income 国民收入,198, 378 

National income accounts 国民收入账户,367, 375 

National investment 国民投资,379 

National product 国民产值,368, 495 

National public goods 全国性公共品,281 

National saving 政府储蓄,379, 395 

National saving rate 国民储蓄率,374, 379 

National security 国家安全,268, 373 

Natural capital 自然资本,318 

Natural monopoly 自然垄断,149 

Natural resource industries 自然资源产业,320, 317 

Natural resources 自然资源,8, 256 

Near-market goods 准市场性的产品,380 

Near-money“准货币”,445 

Necessities 必需品,10, 13 

Negative externalities 负外部性,31

Negative marginal revenue 负边际收益,152 

Negative-sum game 负和博弈,182

Neoclassical model of economic growth 新古典经济增长模型,490 

Net debt净债务,617, 620 

Net domestic product 国内生产净值,376

Net exports净出口,358 , 375 , 537

Net foreign investment 对外净投资,537 

Net income 净收入,118, 235 

Net investment 净投资,240 , 374 

Net national investment 净国民投资,545 

Net national saving 净国民储蓄,545 

Net operating income 净营业收入,118 

Network markets 网络市场,101 

Network products 网络产品,161 

Networks 网络,7

Network technology 网络技术,161 

Net worth净值,净资产,118 

New classical macroeconomics 新古典宏观经济学,607 

New Deal 新政,339 

New Economics 新经济学,361 

New economy 新经济,171, 241 

New growth theory 新增长理论,492 

New product development 新产品开发,362 

New York Stock Exchange 纽约股票交易所,104, 452 

Nixon administration 尼克松政府,358 

Nominal GDP 名义GDP, 371 

Nominal interest rate 名义利率,234, 441 

Nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment非加速通货膨胀的失业率,560, 589 

Nonclearing labor market 非出清的劳动市场,569 

Noncompeting groups 非竞争团体,227 

Noncooperative behavior 非合作性行为,189 

Noncooperative equilibrium 非合作性均衡,188

Nondiscrimination 非歧视,224 

Nonexcludability 非相斥性,32 

Nonmarket activities 非市场活动,383 

Nonmarket tradeoffs 非市场的权衡,11 

Nonprohibitive tariff 非禁止性关税,264 

Nonrenewable resources 不可再生资源,317 

Nonrivalry 非相克性,32, 492 

Nonrival goods “非相克性”物品,492 

Nontariff barriers 非关税壁垒,271 

Nontransactions accounts 非交易账户,469 

Normative economics 规范经济学,7 

No-trade equilibrium 无贸易均衡,263 

Numerical production function 数值化的生产函数,124~125


0

Oil industry 石油产业,66, 157 

OPEC石油输出国组织,164 

Oil prices 石油价格,45, 46 

Okun, Arthur M.阿瑟•奥肯,566

Okun’s law奥肯法则,566

Oligopoly寡头,147

Olson, Mancur曼克尔•奥尔森,507

Open economy开放经济,520

Open economy equilibrium开放经济的均衡,540

Open-economy macroeconomics开放经济的宏观经济学,537

Open-economy multiplier开放经济的乘数,541

Open market operations 公开市场业务,465 

Operating expenses 营业成本,118 

Opportunity cost 机会成本,12, 120 

Optimal currency area 理想货币区,552 

Optimal production schedule 最优产量水平,130 

Ordinal utility 序数效用,76

Original factors of production 生产的初始要素,232 

Output产出,8

Output condition 产出条件,249 

Output determination 产出决定因素,575 

Output per person 人均产出,492~493, 588 

Output uncertainty 产出不确定性,179 

Outsourcing 外包,105 

Outward orientation 外向型,507〜509 

Overpopulation 人口过剩,314 

Overvalued currency 货币局估,543


P

Paper currency 纸币,444, 445 

Paper wealth 账面价值,397 

Paradox of thrift 节约悖论,435 

Paradox of value 价值悖论,83 

Pareto, Vilfredo 维尔弗雷多•帕累托,88 

Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率,138, 246 

Pareto optimality 帕累托最优,8,138 

Parities平价,526, 529

Partial equilibrium analysis局部均衡分析,246

Partnerships合伙制,104

Par value票面价值,529

Patents专利,170

Payoffs回报,186

Payoff table支付矩阵,186

Penetration pricing促销价,101

Pension funds养老金,221, 282, 438

Per capita GDP人均GDP, 502

Percentage change in price价格变动的百分比,58

Perfect competition完全竞争,25, 31,129

Perfectly competitive equilibrium完全竞争均衡,30, 31, 189

Perfectly competitive firms完全竞争企业,128, 129, 304

Perfectly competitive industries完全竞争产业,155,174 , 302

Perfectly competitive markets完全竞争市场,162, 165, 166, 173

Perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视,176

Performance-based regulation基于绩效的管制,300

Permanent income theory永久性收入理论,395

Perpetuity永久性资产,235

Per se illegal conduct本质上违法的行*,306

Personal computer industry个人电脑行业,165

Personal financial strategies个人金融策略,456

Personal income个人收入,331,198

Personal saving个人储蓄,388

Personal saving rate个人储蓄率,388

Phelps, Edmund 埃德蒙•菲尔普斯,610 

Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线,588~591 

Physical capital 有形资本,183 

Pigou, Alfred C.阿尔弗雷德•庇古,600 

Piracy掠夺性,111, 306 

Policy ineffectiveness theorem 政策无效性定理,611, 613 

Policy instrument政策工具,34, 276, 353, 356~358 

Policymakers 政策制定者,28, 66 

Policy variables政策变量,360, 411〜414, 464

Political disturbances政治动荡,537

Political freedom政治自由,631~632

Political rights政治权力,309, 345, 346

Political risk政治风险,178

Politics政治学,169, 281 

Poll tax过桥费,23, 38

 Pollution污染,30, 324, 327 

Pollution game 污染博弈,189, 190 

Pollution permits 排污许可证,325 

Pollution tax 污染税,101 

Pooling of funds 吸收资金,437 

Population explosion 人口爆炸,503 

Portfolio投资组合,359, 446 

Portfolio diversification 投资组合多样化,455, 456 

Positional arms control 位置角逐控制,191 

Positive economics 实证经济学,7 

Positive externalities 正外部性,31

Post hoc fallacy 后此谬误,5 

Potential GDP 潜在GDP, 354 

Potential output 潜在产出,560 

Poverty 贫穷,501 Poverty line 贫困线,198, 337 

Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价,306 

Preferences 偏好,25, 73, 256 

Present value 现值,235 

Price (s)价格,23

Price ceilings价格上限,69

Price changes价格变动,44, 57, 58

Price competition价格竞争,24, 164, 191

Price controls价格控制,298, 303

Price cuts价格削减,185

Price discrimination价格歧视,62,166

Price-elastic demand富有需求价格弹性,58

Price elasticity价格弹性,58

Price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性,58

Price elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性,63

Price equals marginal cost价格等于边际成本,130, 131, 135, 140

Price fixing价格联合,163, 164

Price floor价格下限,70

Price indexes价格指数,355, 380

Price-inelastic demand缺乏需求价格弹性,58

Price level价格水平,4, 24, 135-140 

Price mechanism 价格机制,250, 251, 279

Price of GDP GDP的价格,371 

Price reform 价格改革,514 

Price regulation价格管制,38, 67, 69, 70~72, 358 

Price signals 价格信号,37, 51, 584 

Price stability价格稳定,355, 383, 396, 628 

Price takers 价格接受者,128 

Price theory 价格理论,199 

Price uncertainty 价格不确定,552 

Price wars价格战,164, 166, 178, 186〜188 

Pricing定价,23, 35, 140

Primary factors of production基本生产要素,29

Principal-agent problem委托代理问题,513

Principle of comparative advantage比较优势原则,257

Principle of unility效用原则,75

Prisoner’s dilemma囚徒困境,189

Private goods私人品,321

Private saving私人储蓄,379

Privatization私有化,22,173, 303, 514

Process innovation工艺创新,99

Producer equilibrium生产者均衡,249

Producer price index生产者价格指数,381

Producer surplus生产者剩余,139

Product differentiation产品差异化,147, 149〜150, 165

Product innovation产品创新,99

Production costs生产成本,45

Production function生产函数,95

Production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界,9~10,13, 16

Production quotas生产配额,164

Production taxes生产税,372, 376

Production theory生产理论,94, 201

Productive activities生产活动,94, 258

Productive capacity生产能力,95

Productive efficiency有效率的生产,12, 14, 15

Productivity生产率,102, 485

Productivity growth生产率增长,489

Product market产品市场,26, 612

Product quality产品质量,148

Products产品,148

Profit maximization利润最大化,154〜155

Profit-maximizing equilibrium利润最大化均衡,164

Profits利润,24, 236

Progressive tax累进税,285

Prohibitive tariff禁止性关税,177, 264, 265

Property income财产收入,198,199

Property rights产权 324, 326

Property tax财产税,67, 118, 285

Proportional tax比例税,285

Protectionism保护主义,28, 487, 550

Public choice theory公共选择理论,280, 281

Public debt公债,375

Public goods公共品,32, 321

Public interest公共利益,246

Public policy 公共政策,81, 98, 503 

Public saving公共储蓄,431, 545 , 546 , 548 

Purchasing power parity 购买力平价,501, 527 

Purchasing power parity theory of exchange rates汇率的购买力平价理论,534, 536 

Pure economic rent 纯经济租金,136, 230


Q

Quantity demanded 需求的数量,137 

Quantity theory of money 货币的数量理论,603 

Quantity theory of price 价格的数量理论,603

Quotas 配额,264


R

Ramsey, Frank 弗兰克•拉姆塞,232 

Ramsey tax rule 拉姆塞税收原则,290 

Random sampling 随机抽样,564 

Random walk 随机游走,455 

Rate of inflation 通货膨胀率,355 

Rate of return收益率,回报率,583, 102

Rate of return on capital资本收益率,233

Rational expectations hypothesis理性预期假说,608

Rationing by the purse用钱包来进行配给,51

Real business cycles真实商业周期,409, 417, 609

Real-business-cycle theory真实商业周期理论,409, 417, 609

Real consumption实际消费,390, 477

Real GDP实际GDP, 371

Real income实际收入,477, 484

Real interest rate实际利率,234, 441

Real investment实际投资,374, 397

Real wage实际工资,213

Recession衰退,406

Recession cycle衰退周期,591

Regional trade agreements区域性贸易协定,273

Regressive tax累退税,285

Regulation管制,297

Related goods相关物品,42〜45

Relative-income status相对收入状况,337

Renewable resources可再生资源,317

Rent租金,136, 230 

Rent control 租金管制,72 

Rent income租金收入,208, 227, 233 

Rent seeking 寻租,504 

Repressed inflation 抑制型通货膨胀,514 

Required reserve ratio 法定准备金比率,468 

Research and development 研究开发(研发},283, 490 

Reserves 准备金,447 .

Reserve flows 准备金流,469 

Reserve-requirements policy 法定准备金政策,464 

Resource allocation 资源配置,35, 139 

Resources 资源,437 

Resource transfers 资源转移,437 

Resource wager 资源之赌,319

Restraint of trade 贸易限制,194 

Retained earnings 留存收益,118, 237 

Retaliatory tariffs 报复性关税,269 

Returns to scale 规模报酬,97〜98 

Revaluation增值,526

Revenue收入,收益,61〜62 

Reverse discrimination 反歧视,226, 227 

Ricardian view of fiscal policy 财政政策的李嘉图法则,609 

Ricardo, David 大卫•李嘉图,257, 609 

Risk ,风险,452

Risk-averse风险规避,182

Riskless interest rate“无风险”利率,440

Risk management风险管理,437

Risk of default违约风险,236

Risk preference风险偏好,456

Risk premium风险溢价,236, 549, 556

Risk-return diagram风险一收益图,452

Risk sharing风险分担,182

Risk-spreading风险分摊,183

Rivalry game对抗博弈,187

Rogers, Will威尔•罗杰斯,230

Romer, Paul保罗.罗默,169

Roundabout production迂回的生产,29, 237, 241

Rule-of-reason doctrine合理准则,306

Rule of 7070法则,.314

Rule of thumb(拍脑袋)简单决策原则,169

Rules vs. discretion 固定规则与相机抉择,611, 627


S

Sachs, Jeffrey 杰福里•萨克斯,508 

Safety net 安全网,33,198 

Sales tax销售税,285, 288〜289 

Samuelson, Paul A.保罗•萨缪尔森,409 

Saving 储蓄,419 

Saving accounts 储蓄账户,437 

Saving function 储蓄函数,391 

Saving-investment identity 储蓄一投资恒等式,379 

Say's law of markets 萨伊的市场定律,600 

Scarcity 稀缺,4

Scatter diagram 散点图,19, 503 

Schiller, Claudia 克劳迪亚•希弗,190 

Schumpeter, Joseph A.约瑟夫•熊彼特,169, 276 

Schumpeterian economics 熊彼特经济学,171 

Schumpeterian hypothesis 熊彼特假说,171

Schumpeterian profits 熊彼特利润,237, 336 

Scientific approach 科学方法,5

Second-generation banks 第二级银行,448, 449 

Securities 证券,238, 437 

Government securities 政府证券,437 

Seinfeld, Jerry 杰里•塞恩费尔德,191 

Semiconductor industry 半导体产业,269 

Sherman Antitrust Act 《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》,278

Shortages 短缺,24, 47 

Short run 短期,98

Short-run aggregate supply 短期总供给,563

Short-run aggregate supply schedule短期总供给表,559

Short-run equilibrium短期均衡,133

Short-run Phillips curve短期菲利浦斯曲线,588

Short-run supply curve短期供给曲线,133

Shutdown condition停业条件,131

Shutdown point停业点,131

Shutdown rule停业原则,131

Simon, Herbert赫伯特•西蒙,168

Simon, Julian朱利安•西蒙,319

Single-parent families单亲家庭,337

Single-tax movement单一税运动,231〜232

Size of market市场规模,42, 553

Slope斜率,17

Smith, Adam亚当•斯密,4, 23, 25~26, 83 

Smooth curve 平滑的曲线,7 

Smoot-Hawlay tariff 斯穆特一霍利关税法,271 

Social capital 社会资本,317, 374 

Social insurance 社会保险,185 

Social insurance taxes 社会保险税,396, 617 

Social overhead capital 社会基础资本,486 

Social regulation 社会管制,297 

Social Security 社会保障,617 

Solomon, Robert 罗伯特•所罗门,528

Solow, Robert M.罗伯特•索洛,490

Solow model索洛模型,490

Sovereign nations主权国家,255

Sovereign risk政权风险,237

Specialization专业化,26〜27, 273

Specialized entities专业化的经济体,30

Speculation投机,179

Speculative bubble投机泡沬,452~454

Spending line支出线,540

Spillover effects挤出效应,620

Spirit of enterprise企业家精神,486

Stabilization policies稳定政策,606, 607

Stable macroeconomic climate稳定的宏观经济气候,549

Stagflation滞胀,271, 351

Standard and Poor's 500 index标准普尔500指数,454

Standard deviation标准差,456

Statement of profit and loss 损益表,117 

State versus market 国家和市场,508 

Statistical discrepancy 统计误差,377 

Statistical discrimination 统计性歧视,224 

Steel, Danielle 丹尼尔•斯蒂尔,191 

Sterilization 分流,470 

Sticky wages 粘性工资,564, 570

Stock 存置,118 

Stock market 股票市场,452〜457 

Stock of value 股票价值,611

Stock options 股票期权,105 

Stock-price indexes 股票价格指数,454 

Stock prices 股票价格,458, 611 

Stocks (and flows)股票(和流动》,452~457 

Strategic interaction 策略互动,163 

Strategic thinking 策略性思考,178 

Strikes罢工,178, 221 

Structural budget 结构性预算,618 

Structural unemployment 结构性失业,567 

Subsidies 补贴,67, 269 

Substitutes 替代品,80 

Substitution effect 替代效应,41, 78〜80 

Substitution ratio 替代比率,126 

Substitution rule 替代法则,117 

Sunk cost principle 沉没成本原则,143 

Sunk costs 沉没成本,144 

Supernormal profits 超额利润,144,163, 169 

Supply供给,29 , 44~52 

Supply and demand 供给和需求,29, 44~52 

Supply and demand diagram 供给和需求图,52 

Supply curve 供给曲线,44 

Supply decisions 供给决策,109 

Supply elastic 供给富有弹性,63 

Supply inelastic 供给缺乏弹性,63 

Supply of money 货币供给,358, 442

Supply rule 供给原则,135

Supply schedule 供给表,44 

Supply shocks 供给冲击,410 

Supply-side economics 供给学派经济学,289, 610 

Supply-side tax cuts 供给方减税,431 

Surplus剩余,376, 380 

Systematic risk 系统风险,236


T

Tangible assets 有形资产,233 

Tangible capital 有形资本,374, 549 

Tariffs 关税,264

Taxation uithout representation 不民主不纳税,285 

Tax burden 税收负担,70, 278 Tax cuts

税收削减,609, 611 

Tax incidence 税收归宿,291 

Tax multiplier 税收乘数,429~431 

Tax preferences 税收偏好,288 

Tax rates 税率,287 

Tax shifting 税收转嫁,67, 291 

Technological change 技术变革,99, 486 

Technological possibilities 技术可能性,7 

Technological regress 技术退步,101 

Teenage unemployment 青少年失业者,571, 572 

Terms of trade 贸易条件,259 

Theory of income distribution 收入分配理论,199 

Third-generation banks 第三级银行,449

Tight money 紧缩货币,362 

Time discounting 时间贴现,238 

Time-series graphs 时间序列图,19 

Tipping 冒尖优势,101 

Total assets总资产,118,119

Total cost 总成本,109〜119 

Total cost schedule 总成本表,112 

Total factor productivity 全要素生产率,102, 496 

Total product 总产量,95

Total production function 总生产函数,485 

Total revenue 总收益,61,151 

Total utility 总效用,74

Trade balance 贸易余额,522 

Trade barriers 贸易壁垒,264, 270 

Trade deficit 贸易赤字,271, 522 

Tradeoffs 权衡,629 

Trade policies 贸易政策,268 

Trade surplus 贸易盈余,268, 271 

Trade war 贸易战,271, 519 

Training programs 培训计划,595 

Transactions accounts 交易账户,469

Transactions demand for money 货币的交易需求,446 

Transactions money 交易货币,445, 446 

Transfer payments 转移支付,198, 375 

Transportation costs 运输成本,265 

Treasury bonds 国债,国库债,437

Treasury inflation-protected securities 通债保值债券,442 

Triangular trade 三边贸易,262


U

Unanticipated inflation不可预期的通货膨胀,582, 583

Unbiased forecasts无偏预测,608

Uncertainty不确定性,611

Underemployment equilibrium 非充分就业的均衡,601 

Underground economy 地下经济,379 

Unemployed persons 失业者,563 

Unemployed resources 未利用资源,12 

Unemployment 失业,563〜574 

Unemployment insurance 失业保险,185 

Unemployment rate 失业率,355, 564 

Unit cost 单位成本,111 

Unit-elastic demand 单位弹性价格需求,58

Upward-sloping supply curve供给曲线向上倾斜,44

User fees使用费,285

U-shaped cost curves

U型成本曲线,115

Usury laws高利贷法,67

Utilitarianism功利主义,74, 75

Utility效用,73, 74 

Utility maximization 效用最大化,76, 116 

Utility-possibility frontier 效用可能性边界,250

Utility theory 效用理论,73〜77 

Utils尤特尔,74


V

Value价值,83

Value added附加值,370

Value-added tax附加税,606

Variable cost可变成本,110

Variable factors of production可变生产要素,136

Variables变量,5, 16-17

Vault cash库存现金,458, 464〜465, 468

Velocity of money货币周转率,603〜605

Vertical axis纵轴,9, 16~17

Vertical equity纵向公平,284

Vertical long-run Phillips curve 垂直的长期菲利浦斯曲线,591

Vertical mergers 纵向兼并,309

Vicious cycle of poverty贫困的恶性循环,506~507

 Volcker, Paul保罗•沃尔克,362

Voluntary export quotas 自动出口配额制,271

Voluntary unemployment 自愿失业,567 

Voting paradox 选举悖论,281


W

Wage differentials 工资差异,216, 217, 336 

Wages 工资,3, 24 

Wagner Act 《瓦格纳法》,221 

Warner, Andrew 安德鲁•华纳,508

Wartime boom 战时繁荣,359, 361 

Watering the stock 灌肠术,157 

Water the stock 掺水股,157 

Wealth财富,199, 331 

    concentration 集中化,309 , 311 

    family assets 家庭资产,209 

    inherited 继承,333, 336 

Wealth distribution 财富分配,583 

Wealth effect 财富效应,395~397

Wealth of Nations (Smith)《国富论》,4, 25, 26

Weber, Max马克斯•韦伯,507

Welfare programs福利计划,281〜283

Welfare state福利国家,22, 339

What to produce生产什么,6

Wickseel, Knut克纳特•维克塞尔,237

Winner-take-all games胜者全得博弈,贏家通吃博弈,101, 190

Winner-take-all markets胜者全得市场i 191

Work intensities工作强度,335

Work rules 工作规则,228


Y

Yaxis

Y轴,9,16 〜17


Z

Zero-economic profit condition 零经济利润条件,135 

Zero-profit long-run equilibrium 长期的零利润均衡,135 

Zero-profit point 零利润点,130