A
Abbey,Edward爱德华•艾比,314
Abilities能力,334
Ability-to-pay principle(税收的)支付能力原则,284
Absolute advantage(国际贸易中的)绝对优势,257
Absolute inequality绝对不公平,333
Accelerator principle加速数原理,409
Accounting
balance sheet收益表,117
business accounts企业账户,369
historical costs历史成本,119
income statement损益表,118
Accounting conventions会计准则,119
Accounting scandals会计丑闻,303
Acid rain酸雨,489
Actual budget实际预算,618
Actual GDP实际GDP,353
Adaptive expectations适应性预期,612
Addiction,economics of上隐物品经济学,81
Adjusted gross income调整后的总收入,287
Adjustment mechanism调整机制,529
Administered market管理型市场,569
Adoption externality使用外部性,101
Adverse selection逆向选择,184
social insurance社会保险,185
advertising广告,150
regulation管制,174
Affirmative action平权措施,226
AFL-CIO劳联一产联,221
After-tax income税后收入,290
Aggregate demand总需求,359,360,413
demand management policies需求管理政策,562
exogenous variables外生变量,411
policy variables政策变量,411
fiscal stimulus财政刺激,612
impact of taxes税收影响,289
monetarism vs.Keynesians货币主义与凯恩斯主义,603
monetary policy货币政策,604
Aggregate demand curve总需求曲线,411~413
Aggregate production function总生产函数,102
economies of scale规模经济,257
neoclassical growth model新古典增长模型,490
productivity生产率,485
technological change技术变革,486
Aggregate supply总供给,559
potential output潜在产出,560
long and short run长期和短期,98
Aggregate supply curve总供给曲线,360,559
Aggregate supply schedule总供给表,559
Agriculture农业,64
crop restrictions种植限制,164
diminishing returns收益递减,195
industrialization工业化,507
AIDS艾滋病,81,502
Airbus Industrie空中客车公司,145,257
Airline industry航空业,302
cost cutting降低成本,133
deregulation of解除管制,296,302
price discrimination价格歧视,305
Akerlof,George A.乔治•阿克尔洛夫,77
Allocative efficiency配置效率,138,246
general equilibrium一般均衡,246〜249
American Airlines美国航空,161
American Federation of Labor美国工人联合会,221
AmericanTobacco Company美国烟草公司,306
Anheuser-Busch安赫舍一布士,162
Anticipated inflation可预期的通货膨胀,582
Antidumping tariffs反倾销关税,269
Anti-inflation policies反通货膨胀政策,593
Antipoverty policies反贫困政策,339
costs of redistribution再分配代价,339
federal programs联邦项目,342
impact of welfare reform福利改革影响,343
incentive problem激励问题,342
income security programs收入保障计划,342
rise of welfare state福利国家的兴起,339
Antitrust law反托拉斯法,309
Microsoft case微软案件,307
Antitrust policy反托拉斯政策,304
AT&T case美国电报电话公司案例,307
mergers合并(兼并),309
IBM case IBM公司案例,307
Appreciation(通货)升值,526
Appropriable resources可分拨资源,316
Arbitrage套利,179
Arrow,Kenneth J.肯尼斯•阿罗,143,281
Asset prices资产价格,397
Assets资产,118
implicit潜在的,437
liquidity of流动性,440
present value现值,439
risk and return风险和收益,452
Asymmetric information信息不对称,184
Auction market拍卖型市场,569
Augmented national accounts扩充的国民收入账户,380
Austrian School奥地利学派,169
Automobile industry汽车业,146
Automobile market汽车市场,23
Average cost平均成本,
Average cost pricing平均成本定价,300
Average fixedcost平均固定成本,113
Average income平均收入,338
Average product平均产量,95
Average revenue平均收益,152
Average taxrate平均税率,286
Average variable cost平均可变成本,112-113
Average wage平均工资,216
B
Backward-bending supply curve向后弯曲的供给曲线,137
Backwardness hypothesis落后假说,507
Balanced budget预算平衡,617
Balance of international payments国际收支平衡表,521
capital account 金融账户,521
creditor nations 债权国,523
current account 经常账户,521
debtor nations 债务国,523
exchange rates 汇率,524
with gold standard 金本位制,529
statistical discrepancy 统计性歧视,224
Balance on current account 经常账户,522
Balance sheet 资产负债表,118
Banking 银行,437
deposit creation 存款创造,451
final system equilibrium 最终系统均衡,449
first-generation banks 初级银行,450
money-supply multiplier 货币供给乘数,450
deposit insurance 存款保险,469
fractional-reserve 部分准备金,451
nontransactions accounts 非交易账户,469
saving accounts 储蓄账户,445
second-generation banks 第二级银行,449
third-generation banks 第三级银行,449
transactions accounts 交易账户,469
Bank money 银行货币,447
Bank panics 银行恐慌,451
Bank reserves 银行准备金,451 0
sink runs 银行挤兑,451
Barriers to entry 进入壁垒,149
advertising广告,150
brandvalue品牌价值,151
costs成本,150
product differentiation产品差异化,159
Barro,Robert罗伯特•巴罗,409
Barter以物易物,443
Baruch,Bernard伯纳德•巴鲁克,457
Bastiat,Frederic弗雷德里克•巴斯夏,253
Behavioral economics行为经济学,77
Bell doctrine贝尔法则,393
Bell Laboratories贝尔实验室,492
Benefit principle(税收的)受益原则,294
Bentham,Jeremy吉尔•边沁,75
Bilateral monopoly双边垄断,222
Bilateral trade双边贸易,262
Birth rates出生率,504
Bismarck,Otto von奥托•冯•俾斯麦,339
Board of Governors of the Federal联邦货币委员会,462
reserve准备金,462
Boeing Company波音公司,183
Bonds债券,441
Boskin,Michael迈克尔•波斯金,382
Bottom line利润底线,117
Bounded rationality有限理性,169
Brand value品牌价值,151
Break-even point盈平衡点,39
Bretton Woods system布雷顿森林体系,531
Broad-money广义货币,445
Buchanan,James詹姆斯•布坎南,281
Budget,federal联邦预算,618
Budget Act of 1993 1993年预算法案,431
Budget Act of 1997 1997年预算法案,627
Budgetary expenditures/patterns 预算支出/模式,283
Budgetary rules 预算规则,627
Budget constraints 预算约束,90
Budget deficit 预算赤字,617
crowding-out effect 挤出效应,432
macroeconomic data 宏观经济数据,366
net exports 净出口,474
short-run vs. long-run 短期和长期,98
structural vs. cyclical 结构性和周期性,618
Budget line 预算线,89
point of tangency 切点,90
Budget surplus 预算盈余,617
Bumper harvests 丰收,164
crop restrictions 种植限制,164
paradox 悖论,62
Bundesbank 德意志联邦银行,574
Bureau of Economic Analysis 经济分析局,3
Bureau of Labor Statistics 劳工统计局,3
Business accounting 企业会计,117
Business accounts 企业账户,369
Business cycles 商业周期,619
Business cycle theories 商业周期理论,407
equilibrium theories 均衡理论,409
multiplier-accelerator model 乘数加速数模型,409
multiplier model 乘数模型,620
real-business-cycle theory 真实商业周期理论,409
speculative boom and bust 投机泡沬和破灭,408
supply-shock theory 供给冲击理论,410
Business profits 企业利润,117
Business unionism 经济工会主义,221
C
Capital资本,29, 232
Capital account 资本账户,523
Capital accumulation 资本积累,238, 489
Capital allocation 资i配置,233
Capital deepening 资本深化,490
Capital formation 资本形成,486
economic development 经济发展,505
economic growth 经济增长,484
Capital gain or loss 资本利得,497
Capital goods 资本品 323
present value analysis 现值分析,235~236
Capitalism 资本主义,405
business fluctuations 经济波动,409
Capital-labor ratio 资本一劳动比率,490
Capital markets 资本市场,512
Capital-output ratio 资本一产出比率,494〜495
Capital stock 资本存量,621
Carbon dioxide emissions 二氧化碳的排放,327
Carbon tax 碳税,327
Carlyle, Thomas 托马斯•卡莱克,278
Cartels 卡特尔,163
cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡,188
OPEC石油输出国组织,164
Cash现金,119
Cash assistance programs 现金援助计划,343
Causality, post hoc fallacy 后此谬误,5
Central banks 中央银行,461
control of money 货币控制,444
deposit creation process 存款创造过程,448
European Union 欧盟,551
liquidity trap 流动性陷阱,583
open economies 开放经济,469
Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济,140
Cheap foreign labor 国外廉价劳动力,269
Checking accounts 支票账户,444
Chicago Board of Trade 芝加哥期货交易所,23
Chicago School 芝加哥学派,310
Choice 选择,73
utility theory 效用理论,73
Cigarette taxes 香烟税,285
Circular flow 循环流动,247
Circular flow diagram 循环流动图,248
Civil Aeronautics Board 民航管理局,302
Classical economics 古典理论,561, 599, 602
comparative advantage 比较优势,257
economic growth 经济增长,487
income distribution 收入分配,262, 332
Say's law of markets 萨伊市场定律,600
Classical theory of capital 古典资本理论,240
Classical unemployment 古典失业,223
Clayton Antitrust Act 克莱顿反托拉斯法,305
Clean Air Act of 1990 1990年《空气洁净法》,297
Closed economy 封闭经济,545
saving and investment 储蓄和投资,545
employment 就业,545
Coase, Ronald 罗纳德•科斯,32,105
Coefficient of price elasticity 价格弹性系数,58
Coins 硬币,444
Collective bargaining 集体协议,221
contracts 合同,221
game theory 博弈论,185
menu costs 菜单成本,569
Collusion 相互勾结,163
Collusive oligopoly 勾结寡头,163
Command economy 指令经济,7
Commercial banks 商业银行,436
Commodities 商品,261
Commodity money 商品货币,444
Common currency 统一货币,532
cost-benefit analysis 成本一收益分析,84
European Union 欧盟,551
Common stock 普通股,104
Common-stock index funds 普通股指数基金,456
Communism 共产主义,509
Comparative advantage 比较优势,257
triangular/multilateral trade 三角/多边贸易,262
gains from trade 贸易利得,258
graphical analysis 图解,259
and production possibilities frontier 生产可能性边界,259
classical assumptions 古典假定,262
income distribution 收入分配,262, 332
supply and demand analysis 供求分析,263
Compensating differentials 补偿性(工资)差异,217
Competition 竞争,24
perfect competition 完全竞争,129
infant industry argument 幼稚产业论点,270
laissez-faire 自由放任,22, 278
market power 市场力量,162, 297
productivity 生产率,550
promote innovation 促进创新,631
Competitive capitalism 竞争资本主义,22
Competitive equilibrium 竞争性均衡,138
Competitive firms 竞争企业,128
Competitive-market demand curve竞争性市场需求曲线,204
Competitiveness竞争力,550
Complements互补品,80
Compound interest复利,314
Computer industry计算机产业,270
Concentrated industries竞争行业,132
Concentration ratios集中率,162
Conglomerate mergers混合兼并,309
Gongressior^l budget constraints国会预算约束,627
Congressional Budget Office国会预算办公室,591
Constant cost成本不变,136, 259
Consumer behavior消费者行为,77
Consumer choice消费者选择,77
Consumer confidence消费者信心,387
Consumer demand消费者需求,125
Gonsumer preforGncos消费者偏好,39
Consumer price index消费者价格指数,355
Consumers消费者,101
Consumer surplus消费者剩余,183
Consumer tastes消费者偏好,25
Consumption消费,386
Consumption function 消费函数,390
Consumption goods 消费品,368
Consumption-possibility curve 消费可能性曲线,260
Consumption taxes 消费税,288
Contingent valuation 或发价值,323
Contractionary monetary policy 扩张性货币政策,474
Convergence 趋同,507
Cool heads, warm hearts 冷静的头脑,热切的心灵,6
Cooperative behavior 合作行为,163
Cooperative equilibrium 合作性均衡,188
Copyright 版权,170 Cornucopians 富足论者,313
Corporate bonds 公司债券,441
Corporate income tax 公司所得税,288
Corporations 公司,104
Cost-benefit analysis 成本一收益分析,84
Cost curves 成本曲线,115
U-shaped,
U型曲线,115
Cost-minimization assumption 成本最小化假设,116
Cost of capital 资本成本,398
Cost of living 生活成本,337
Cost-plus markup price .
成本加成定价,169
Cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀,587
Costs成本,120, 136
average cost 平均成本,111
fixed costs 固定成本,113
marginal cost 边际成本,110
substitution rule 替代法则,117
total cost 总成本,109
variable costs 可变成本,110
Costs of production 生产成本,377
Countercyclical trade 反周期贸易,543
Countervailing duties 抵消关税,269
Coupon rationing 票证配给,70
Carft unions 行会,221
Credibility 信誉,192
Credit cards 信用卡,396
Creditor nations 债权国,523
Currencies 货币,437
Currency boards 货币委员会,532
Current assets 流动资产,119
Current consumption, sacrifice of 牺牲当前消费,129
Current-consumption goods 当前消费品,11
Current disposable income 当前可支配收入,394
Curves 曲线,61
Cutthroat competition 残酷竞争,147
Cyclical budget 周期性预算,618
Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业,567
D
Deadweight loss 净损失,172
Death taxes 死亡税,334
Debits借方,521〜522
Debtor nations 债务国,523
Decision rule 决策原则,169
Declining marginal product 边际产品递减,202
Decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减,98, 102
Defense spending 国防支出,362, 429〜430
Deflation 通货紧缩,356, 380
Degrading products 次级品,168
Deindustrialization 去工业化,550
Demand 需求,82
price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性,82
effect of consumer preferences 消费者偏好的影响,39
equimarginal principle 等边际法则,76,77
independent goods 独立品,80, 81
indifference curves 无差异曲线,88~92
Demand curve 需求曲线,40
income effect 收入效应,41, 78
paradox of value 价值悖论,83~84
substitution effect 替代效应,78
utility theory 效用理论,74~77
Demand elasticity 需求弹性,60
Demand management 需求管理,624
Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀,586
Demand rule 需求原则,135
Demand schedule 需求表,40
Demerit goods 害品,81
Democratic evolution 民主进程,512
Democratic systems 民主制度,631
Demographics of unemployment 失业的人口统计,570
Demographic transition 人口统计转型,504
Department of Agriculture 农业部,64~65
Department of Commerce 商务部,625
Department of Defense 军方,268
Deposit creation 存款创造,469~470
Deposit insurance 存款保险,470
Depreciation (资产)折旧?117, 374
Depreciation (of currencies) 通货(贬值),526
Depression ?萧条,406
Deregulation 解除管制,302
Bell doctrine 贝尔法则,302〜303
Derived demand 派生需求,200
Devaluation 降值,526
Developing countries 发展中国家,501
Differentiated products 差异化产品,147
Diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减,84, 182~183
Diminishing returns 报酬递减,124-125
U-shaped cost curves
U型成本曲线,115〜116
Direct pollution controls 控污,324
Direct production 直接生产,28~29
Direct taxes 直接税,285
Discount policy 贴现政策,464
Discount rate 贴现率,466
Discrimination 歧视,224
Disequilibrium 非均衡,419
Disinflation 反通货膨胀,593
Disposable income 可支配收入,331, 378
Distribution theory 分配理论,199
Division of labor 劳动分工,27~28
Dollar-denominated assets 以美元衡置的资产,437
Domestic demand 国内需求,537
Domestic product 国内产品,537
Dominant equilibrium 占优均衡,187
Dominant strategy 占优策略,187
Dominated asset 占优资产,446
Double taxation 双重课税,104
Downward-sloping aggregate demand curve向下倾斜的总需求曲线,394~395
Downward-sloping demand curve向下倾斜的需求曲线,76~77
Dumping倾销,168
Dumping duty倾销税,269
Duopoly双头垄断,166, 186
Duopoly price game 双寡头垄断的价格博弈,186
E
Earned-income tax credit 所得税抵免,343
Earnings 收入,198
Earnings-cost approach to GDP 统计GDP的收入流量法,369
Earnings differentials 收入差异,223~226
Earnings flow 收入流,368~369
Econometric models 经济计量模型,410
Econometrics 经济计量学,5
Economic approach to antitrust 反托拉斯的经济方法,304
Economic costs 经济成本,117〜120
Economic development 经济发展,501 ~514
Economic discrimination 经济歧视,223~226
Economic goods 经济品,4
Economic growth 经济增长,484
Adam Smith 亚当•斯密,126
four wheels 四个轮子,485
displacement of capital 资本替代,621
historical trends 历史趋势,620
Economic integration 经济一体化,28~29
Economic opportunity 经济机会,339~340
Economic organization 经济组织,6
Economic outcomes 经济成果,340
Economic package 一揽子经济协议,221
Economic problem 经济问题,24~25
Economic profits 经济利润,130-131
zero-economic profit condition 零经济利润条件,130
Economic regulation 经济管制,297
Economic rent 经济租金,136
unique individuals 独特个人,219
Economics 经济学,3
Austrian School 奥地利学派,169
behavioral 行为,77
concept of equilibrium 均衡概念,49, 50
sunk cost principle 沉没成本原则,143
Economics of information 信息经济学,169
Economics of mass production 大批量生产经济学,103
Economics of risk 风险经济学,182〜183
Economics of uncertainty 不确定性经济学,182~183
Economic stability 经济稳定,34
Economic stimulus 经济刺激,137〜139
Economic surplus 经济剩余,139
Economic systems 经济系统,230
command economy 指令经济,7
laissez-faire economy 自由放任经济,7, 22
market economy 市场经济,7, 23〜27
mixed economy 混合经济,7, 22
technological possibilities 技术可能性,7~12
Economies of scale 规模经济,97〜98
Economies of scope 范围经济,297〜298
Economy 经济,24, 25
business fluctuations 商业周期波动,405
centrally-planned 中央计划,166
circular flow diagram 循环流动图,24~25
equilibrium 均衡,360~361
factors of production 生产要素,8
government control 政府控制,276~280
government role 政府作用,345
Ecosystems 生态系统,323
Effective tax rate 有效税率,286
Efficiency 效率,138
Efficiency-wage theory 效率工资理论,610
Efficient financial market 有效金融市场,455
Efficient market 有效市场,455
Efficient market theory 有效市场理论,455
Efficient tax theory 有效税收理论,232
Eight-firm concentration ratio 八企业集中率,161
Elastic demand 富有弹性的需求,58
Elasticity 弹性,58
Elasticity coefficient 弹性系数,58
Elastic supply 供给弹性,204~205
Embedded network technology 已被使用的网络技术,101
Emergency spending 紧急支出,627
Emerging markets 新兴市场,505
Emission fees 排放费,324
Emission permits 排放许可证,325
Employed persons 就业人员,564
Employment 就业,564
Employment act of 1946 1946年就业法案,352
Energy-market crisis 资源市场危机,505
Energy price controls 能源价格管制,69
Energy prices 能源价格,69
Engel’s law 恩格尔定律,387
Entitlement programs 福利计划,282
Entrepreneurship 企业家精神,236
Entry进入,132
Entry restrictions 进入限制,149
Environment 环境,325
climate change 气候变化,325
Kyoto Protocol 《京都议定书》,327
Environmental accounts 环境账户,379
Environmental damage 环境破坏,380
Environmental economics 环境经济学,320~327
Coase theorem 科斯定理,326
contingent valuation 或发价值,323
externalities 外部性,324
Environmentalism 环境保护主义,313
Equal-cost lines 等成本线,125
Equal-product curves 等产量曲线,125
Equation of exchange 交易方程式,603
Equilibrium 均衡,419
Equilibrium business cycle theories均衡商业周期理论,409
Equilibrium foreign exchange rate均衡汇率,524
Equilibrium GDP均衡GDP, 540
Equilibrium interest rate均衡利率,472
Equilibrium output均衡产出,540
Equilibrium price均衡价格,47
Equilibrium price ratio均衡价格比率,259
Equilibrium quantity均衡产量,50
Equilibrium wage均衡工资,208
Equimarginal principle等边际法则,76
Equity premium股权溢价,237
Essential natural resources必需的自然资源,317
Euro欧元,552
European Central Bank 欧洲中央银行,552〜553
European Monetary System/Union 欧洲货币体系,551
common currency 统一货币,552
convergence criteria 趋于一致,552
European Union 欧盟,150
elimination of trade barriers 贸易壁垒消除,273
exchange-rate crisis 汇率危机,519
monetary union 货币工会,531
Excess demand 过度需求,589
Excess reserves 多余准备金,451
Excess supply 超额供给,589
Exchange 交换,442
Excise taxes 货物税,288
Exclusion, discrimination by 排斥性歧视,224
Exclusive dealing 独家经销,305
Exit退出,132
Exogenous business cycle theory 外生商业周期理论,407
Exogenous expenditure 外生支出,422
Exogenous variables 外生变量,475〜477
Expansionary anti-inflation policies 扩张的反通货膨胀政策,594~595
Expansionary monetary policy 扩张的货币政策,474
Expansions 扩张,406
Expectations mm, 241
inertial inflation 惯性通货膨胀,587
Expenditure multiplier 支出乘数,428
Expenditures 支出,428
Exponential growth 指数增长,314
Exports 出口,537
Externalities 外部性,31
F
Factor demand 要素需求,199〜201
derived demand 派生需求,199
marginal revenue product 边际收益产品,202
Factor income 要素收入,198
Factor-income distribution theory要素收入分配理论,207~208
Factor market要素市场,24, 195
Factor prices要素价格,24
Factors of production生产要素,8, 204
Fairness in taxation税收公平,289〜290
Fallacy of composition合成谬误,5
Family net worth家庭净值,200
Farming, long-run decline农业长期衰落,64
Farm prices农产品价格,64~65
Fast-food workers快餐工人,205
Federal excise tax联邦货物税,288
Federal expenditures联邦支出,283
Federal funds rate联邦基金利率,466
Federal Open Market Committee联邦公开市场委员会,461
Federal Reserve Act of 1913 1913年联邦准备法,461
Federal Reserve Banks联邦储备银行,464
Federal Reserve currency联邦储备货币,464
Federal Reserve System联邦储备系统,461
Fed funds rate 联邦基金利率,466
Federal taxation 联邦税,285
Fiat money 法定货币,443
Fiduciary regulation 管制受托人,469
Final goods 最终产品,368~369
Financial account 金融账户,523
Financial assets 金融资产,233, 437
Financial finagling 财务欺诈,119
Financial instruments 金融工具,436~438
Financial intermediaries 金融中介,436
Financial investment 金融投资,374
Financial market integration 金融市场一体化,27
Financial markets 金融市场,436
Financial regulation 金融管制,469
Financial speculation 金融投机,180
Financial statements 财务报表,118〜119
Financial strategies 金融策略,456
Financial system 金融系统,436
Firms 企业,569
choice of inputs 投入选择,116
investing in technology 技术投资,630
individual proprietorship 个人业主制,103
partnership 合伙制,104
portfolio management 投资组合管理,436
First-generation banks 第一级银行,448
Fiscal federalism 财政联邦制,281
Fiscal incidence 财政归宿,291
Fiscal-monetary mix 财政一货币政策组合,626
Fiscal policy财政政策,357, 430, 618
Fiscal-policy multiplier 财政政策乘数,428
Fisher, Irving 欧文•费雪,238
Fitzgerald, F. Scott 斯克特•菲茨杰拉尔德,197
Fixed assets 固定资产,119
Fixed cost 固定成本,109
Fixed exchange rates 固定汇率,529
Fixed factors of production 生产的固定要素,98〜99
Fixed rules 固定规则,611
Fixed supply 固定供给,136
Flat tax proposal 统一税建议,288
Flexible exchange rates 弹性汇率制,533
Floating exchange rates 浮动汇率制,533
Flow of funds 资金的流动,437
Flow of income 收入流,199
Flow-of-products approach to GDP GDP的产品流量法,368
Flows 流量,118
goods 产品,368
Food, spending on 食品支出,386
Forecasting 预测,410
Foreign aid 外国援助,280
Foreign borrowing 国外贷款,504~505
Foreign desk 对外窗口,470
Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资,551
Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场,524
Foreign exchange rates 外汇汇率,524
For whom to produce 为谁生产,24
Four-firm concentration ratio 四企业集中率,161
Fractional-reserve banking 部分准备金银行,447
Franchise monopolies 特许垄断权,150
Frank, Robert H.罗伯特•法兰克,191
Freely flexible exchange rate 自由浮动汇率,533
Free-market pricing 自由市场定价,514
Free markets 自由市场,514
Free trade 自由贸易,263, 272
Free trade areas 自由贸易区,150
Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业,567
Friedman, Milton 米尔顿•弗里德曼,602
Fringe benefits 额外福利,221
Frost, Robert 罗伯特•弗洛斯特,537
Full employment 充分就业,600
Fully distributed average cost 分摊平均成本,299
Fundamental equation of growth accounting增长核算的基本方程,495
Fundamental identity of balance sheet 资产负债表的基本恒等式,118
Future-consumption goods 未来消费品,111
G
Gains from trade 贸易利得,27
Galloping inflation 急剧通货膨胀,580
Gambling 赌博,182~183
Game theory 博弈论,185
collective bargaining 集体协议,221, 222
Gasoline market 汽油市场,146~147
Gasoline prices 汽油价格,39
Gasoline tax 汽油税,66
GDP deflator GDP紧缩指数,371
GDP price index GDP价格指数,381
Gender gap 性别差距,225
General equilibrium 一般均衡,246~250
General equilibrium analysis —般均衡分析,249
General sales tax 一般销售税,289
General wage level 一般工资水平,212
Gerschenkron, Alexander 亚历山大•格申克龙,507
Gini coefficient 基尼系数,333
Global environment 全球环境,280, 489
Globalization 全球化,358
international linkages 国际联系,358 ~
Global liquidity crisis全球流动性危k, 469〜470
Global Positioning System全球定位系统,33
Global public goods全球公共品,321
Global warming全球变暖,326〜327
Gold standard金本位制,529
Goods and services商品和服务(或物品和劳务),368, 538
Goods flow产品流,368
Government debt政府负债,617
Government expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数,428
Government expenditures政府支出,627
Government failures政府不灵,35
Government ownership政府所有制,173
Government purchases政府购买,356
Government securities政府证券,437
Great Depression大萧条,262~263
Green accounts绿色账户,380
Greenhouse effect温室效应,326〜327
Greenspan, Alan艾伦•格林斯潘,461
Gross debt总债务,617
Gross Domestic Product国内生产总值,353, 367
Gross investment总投资,374
Gross national product国民生产总值,376
Gross private domestic investment国内私人总投资,379
Growth accounting增长核算,495
H
Hamilton, Alexander亚历山大•汉密尔顿,270
Hard fixed exchange rate“硬”的固定汇率,531
Health, and economic development卫生和经济发展,504
Health care spending医疗保健支出,388
Hedging套期保值,180
Hemingway, Ernest厄内斯特•海明威,197
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index赫芬达尔一赫希曼指数,161
High employment高就业,355
High-income nations高收入国家,6
High-risk nations 高风险国家,549
Historical costs 历史成本,119
Holdup problem 敲竹杠问题,105
Horizontal axis 横轴,16
Horizontal equity 横向公平,284
Horizontal mergers 横向兼并,309
Human capital 人力资本,218
Hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀,356
I
Illegal conduct 非法行为,305
Illegal drugs 非法毒品,82
Illiquid assets 非流动性资产,440
Imitating technology 技术模仿,505
Immigration 移民,50
Imperfect competition 不完全竞争,31,146
Imperfect information 不完全信息,279
Implicit assets 潜在资产,438
Implicit returns 隐含收益,236
Import competition 进口竞争,309
Import relief 进口援助,269
Import restrictions 进口限制,150
Imports 进口,537
Import substitution 进口替代,508
Inappropriability 不可划拨性,170
Inappropriable resources 不可分i资源,170, 316
Incidence of a tax 税收归宿,66
Income 收入,198
Income change 收入变化,91
Income classes 收入等级,332
Income distribution 收入分布,332
Income distribution theory 收入分配理论,199
Income effect 收入效应,41, 78
Income elasticity 收入弹性,78
Income inequality 收入不公平,332~334
Income-possibility curve 收入可能性曲线,340
Income redistribution 收入再分配,339
Income security programs 收入保障计划,342
Incomes policies 收入政策,358
Income statement 收益表,117
Income support systems 收入支持计划,395
Income tax 所得税,288
Income velocity of money 货币收入周转率,603
Increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增,98
Independent goods 独立品,80
Indexed bonds 指数型债券,442
Index number problem 指数数值问题,382
Index of leading indicators 领先指标的指数,410
Indifference curves 无差异曲线,88
Indifference map 无差异图,88
Indirect taxes 间接税,285
Individual commodities 单个商品,39
Individual demand个人需求,78〜80
Individual income tax个人所得税,286
Individual proprietorship个人所有制,103
Industrialization versus agriculture工业化和农业,507, 508
Industrial organization产业组织,163
Industrial policies工业政策,548
Industrial Revolution工业革命,26, 485
Industrial unions工业工会,221
Industry supply, long run产业的长期供给,134
Inefficiency loss from monopoly垄断的无效率损失,172
Inelastic demand缺乏弹性的需求,58
Inelastic supply缺乏弹性的供给,63
Inertial rate of inflation惯性通货膨胀率,586
Inferior goods劣品,79
Inflation通货膨胀,380
Inflation-protected securities通胀保值债务,442
Inflation rate通货膨胀率,380
Inflation targeting设定通货膨胀目标,62^
Inflation-unemployment tradeoff通货膨胀一失业的权衡,592
Inflexible costs可变成本,110
Information economy信息经济,169
Information failures信息不完全,298
Information technology信息技术,169
Inheritance继承,337
Inheritance taxes遗产税,334
Innovation创新,237
Innovational profits 创新利润,237
Innovator 创新者,237
Input costs, and aggregate supply 投入成本和总供给,485
Inputs 投入,8
Insurable risk 可投保风险,236
Insurance 保险,183
adverse selection 逆向选择,184
moral hazard 道德风险,184
social insurance 社会保险,185
Insurance companies 保险公司,437
Intangible capital 无形资本,548
Intellectual property rights 知识产权,170
Interest 利息,314
classical theory 古典理论,239〜241
compound 复利,314
Interest-group theories of regulation 管制的利益集团理论,298
Interest rate (s)利率,234
Interest-rate targeting 利率目标设定,607
Intermediate goods 中间产品,369
Intermediate targets 中间目标,464
Internal business cycle theory 商业周期内因论,407
International adjustment mechanism 国际调整机制,529
International competition 国际竞争,595
International economic policy 国际经济政策,280
International financial management 国际金融管理,358
International financial system 国际金融体系,519
International linkages 国际联系,358
International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金,531
International monetary system 国际货币制度,528
Bretton Woods system布雷顿森林体系,531
International money holdings 国际货币持有量,469
International payments equilibrium 国际收支均衡,530
International public goods 全球性公共品,281
International trade 国际贸易,255~256
Interstate Commerce Commission 州际商务委员会,296〜297
Intervention 干预,532
Intrinsic value 内在价值,444
Inverse relationships 反向关系,18
Investment (s)投资,374
Investment demand curve 投资需求曲线,399
Investment income 投资收益,522
Investment multiplier 投资乘数,428
Investment opportunities 投资机会,239
Involuntary unemployment 非自愿失业,569
Irrational behavior 非理性行为,77
Irrational exuberance 非理性繁荣,454
Isoquant 等产量,125
J
Job creation 创造就业机会,271
Jobs 工作
differences差异,217
new immigrants 新移民,220
K
Kelvin, Lord 开尔文,367
Keynes, John Maynard 约翰•梅纳德•凯恩斯,599
Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学,599
Keynesian multiplier model 凯恩斯乘数模型,418
Keynesian revolution 凯恩斯革命,34,
Keynesian unemployment 凯恩斯非就业,222~223
King, Stephen 斯蒂芬•金,190
Klein, Lawrence 劳伦斯•克莱因,410
Klitgaard, Robert 罗伯特•克里歌德,510
Knight, Frank 弗兰克•奈特,109
Krugman, Paul 保罗•克鲁格曼,616
L
Labor 劳动,490
capital-labor ratio 资本一■劳动比率,490
Labor demand curve 劳动需求曲线,203~204
Labor force 劳动力,564
Labor-force participation 劳动力参与程度,215
Labor-force participation rate 劳动力参与率,215
Labor income 劳动收入,198
Labor income inequality 劳动收入不公平,334
Labor legislation 劳动法,221
Labor market 劳动市场,212〜226
Labor market segmentation劳动市场细分,220
Labor measurements劳动衡量,94〜95
Labor productivity劳动生产率,102
Labor quality劳动质量,218
Labor-shortage economy劳动缺乏经济,569
Labor submarket劳动次级市场,220
Labor supply劳动供给,215
Labor supply curve劳动供给曲线,137
Laffer, Arthur阿瑟•拉弗,610
Laffer curve拉弗曲线,610
Lags, in government policies政府政策滞后,624
Land土地,208
marginal product 边际产品,208
market equilibrium 市场均衡,231
rent income 租金收入,208
rent租金,230
single-tax movement 单一税运动,232
Large-scale production 规模生产,97
Law, and market economy 市场经济定律,28
Law of diminishing marginal product 边际收益递减规律,95
Law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律,74
Law of downward-sloping demand 需求向下倾斜规律,40
Law of substitution 替代规律,88
Least-cost conditions 最低成本的条件,203
Least-cost factor combination 最低成本要素组合,125
Least-cost rule 最小成本法则,116
Least-cost tangency 最低成本切点,126
Legal reserve requirements 法定准备金要求,448
Legal restrictions 法律限制,149
Leisure闲暇,77
Lemons, market for 柠檬市场,77
Liabilities 负债,118
Life-cycle hypothesis of consumption生命周期消费假说,394
Life-cycle saving生命周期储蓄,336
Life expectancy预期寿命,501
Lifetime income and taxes终生收入和税收,291
Limited liability有限责任,104
Local government expenditures地方政府支出,283
Local public goods地方公共品,281
Local taxes地方税收,289
Long run长期,98
Long-run aggregate supply 长期总供给,559
Long-run aggregate supply schedule 长期总供给表,559
Long-run economic growth 长期经济增长,612, 617
Long-run equilibrium 长期均衡,132
Long-run industry supply 产业的长期供给,134
Long-run Phillips curve 长期菲利浦斯曲线,605
Long-run price, and zero-profit point 长期价格和零利润点,132, 133
Long-run steady state growth 长期稳定状态增长,491
Long-run supply curve 长期供给曲线,132
Long-term bonds 长期债券,442
Long-term interest rate 长期利率,466
Lorenz curve洛伦茨曲线,332, 333, 345
Loss minimization 亏损最小化,131
Low inflation低通货膨胀,578
Low-skilled workers 非熟练劳工,216
Low-wage workers, and minimum wage 低工资劳工,和最低工资,69
Lucas, Robert E., Jr.罗伯特•卢卡斯,416
Lucas critique 卢卡斯批评,611
Lump-sum taxes 一次性总付税收,425
Luxuries奢侈品,10, 11, 58
M
Macroeconomic data 宏观经济数据,366
Macroeconomic demand 宏观经济学的需求,412
Macroeconomic equilibrium 宏观经济均衡,361
Macroeconomic policies 宏观经济政策,29, 34
Macroeconomics 宏观经济学,4, 351
Macroeconomic schools 宏观经济学派,600
Macroeconomic waste 宏观经济的浪费,601
Malkiel, Burton 伯顿•麦考尔,459
Malthus, Thomas R.马尔萨斯,314, 315
Managed capitalism 有管理的资本主义,511
Managed exchange rates 管理汇率制,533
Management 管理,45,106
production process 生产流程,45
stockholders 股东,106
Manufacturing 制造,550
deindustrialization 去工业化,550
Marginal cost 边际成本,11〇~112
Marginal cost = price rule 边际成本等于价格,129
Marginal-cost pricing 边际成本定价,140, 299
Marginal principle 边际原则,156
Marginal private benefit 私人边际收益,322
Marginal product 边际产量,95
Marginal product curve 边际产品曲线,208
Marginal productivity 边际生产率,213
Marginal productivity theory 边际生产率理论,213
Marginal product of capital 资本的边际产品,239
Marginal product of labor 劳动的边际产品,202, 203
Marginal product of land 土地的边际产品,202, 203
Marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向,391
Marginal propensity to import 边际进口倾向,541
Marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向,393
Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率,88
Marginal revenue 边际收益,152
Marginal revenue curve 边际收益曲线,153, 323
Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品,202
Marginal tax rate 边际税率,286
Marginal utility 边际效用,74
Marginal utility of income 收入的边际效用,76
Maritz, Paul 保罗•马里茨,308
Market (s)市场,23
addictive substances 上隐物品,82
auction vs. administered 拍卖型与管理型,569
black market 黑市,70
partial equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析,246
perfectly competitive firms 完全竞争企业,128, 129 , 304
perfectly competitive industries 完全竞争产业,155,174, 302
random movements 随机运动,39
winner-take-all胜者全得,贏家通吃,101, 190, 191
world of imperfect competition 不完全竞争世界,145
Market basket of goods 一揽子市场商品,381
Market-clearing price 市场出清价格,47
Market-clearing wage 市场出清工资,223
Market-clearing wage level 市场出清工资水平,223
Market demand 市场需求,41, 204
Market demand curve 市场需求曲线,41
Market economy 市场经济,7
Market equilibrium 市场均衡,46, 47
Market equilibrium of supply and de-mand供给和需求的市场均衡,24
Market failure 市场不灵,141
Market incentives 市场激励,191.
Market income 市场收入,199
Market interest rate 市场利率,239
Market mechanism 市场机制,22, 23
Market power 市场力置,162, 297
Market price 市场价格,25, 30
Market psychology 市场心理,452
Market share 市场份额,101, 146
Market size 市场规模,42
Market structure 市场结构,45
Market supply 市场供给,132
Market value 市场价值,29, 151
Market wage structure 市场工资结构,220
Markup pricing 成本加成定价法,168,169
Marshall, Alfred *艾尔弗雷德•马歇尔,132
Mass production 大规模生产,102
Maximum ceilings 最高上限,67
Maximum output 最大产出,560
McKinsey Global Institute 麦肯锡全球问题研究所,550
Measure of dispersion 离散测量,452
Medical insurance, adverse selection医疗保险,逆向选择,184
Medicare医疗保健,283
Medicaid医疗补助,283
Medium of exchange交易媒介,442, 443
Mellon, Andrew安德鲁•梅隆,157
Menu costs菜单成本,569
Mercantilism重商主义,268
Merchandise trade商品交易,23
Mergers合并,兼并,305~309
Merit goods 益品,81
Microeconomic curve 微观经济学曲线,18
Microeconomic demand 微观经济学的需求,412
Microeconomics 微观经济学,4, 351
Microeconomic waste 微观经济的浪费,601
Mill, John Stuart约翰•斯图亚特•穆勒,270, 628
Minimum attainable costs 可以达到的最小成本,110
Minimum average cost 最低平均成本,113, 183
Minimum floors 最低下限,67
Minimum wage 最低工资,67
Minorities少数民族,224, 225
Missing market 市场的缺失,184
Mixed economy 混合经济,7, 34, 35
Monetarism 货币主义,602, 603
Monetarist experiment 货币主义的实验,607
Monetarist revolution 货币主义的革命,35
Monetary aggregates 货币总量,470 , 471
Monetary contractions 货币紧缩,362, 412
Monetary expansion 货币扩张,474
Monetary policy 货币政策,357, 473,474
Monetary rules 货币规则,606
Monetary transmission mechanism 货币传导机制,470
Monetary union 货币联盟,532, 536
Money货币,358, 442
Money creation 货币创造,447, 450
Money demand 货币需求,471
Money interest rate 货币利率,441, 442
Money-leisure metric 货币一闲暇制,248
Money market 货币市场,471, 472
Money market shifts 货币市场变动,472
Money supply货币供给,471
Money-supply growth货币供给增加,475, 530
Money-supply multiplier货币供给乘数,450
Monopolistic competition垄断竞争,147, 164
Monopoly垄断,145〜157
Monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡,154
Monopoly profits垄断利润,173
Monopoly structure垄断结构,307
Moral hazard道德风险,184
Mortgage resellers抵押品再销售者,437
Most-favored-nation status“最惠国”待遇,272
Movement along aggregate demand curve沿着总需求曲线的移动,413
Movement along demand curve沿着需求曲线的移动,44
Movements along curves沿着曲线的移动,43
Multicurve diagrams多曲线图,20
Multilateral trade多边贸易,262
Multilateral trade agreements多边贸易协议,262
Multiplier (s)乘数,422
Multiplier model 乘数模型,419
Mundell, Robert 罗伯特•曼德尔,552
Mutual funds 共同基金,120, 437
N
NAIRU非加速通货膨胀的失业率,560, 589
Naive forecasts天真预测,410〜411
Narrow money狭义货币,445
NASDAQ index纳斯达克指数,455
Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡’ 188
National accounts 国民账户,379, 382
National consumption 国民消费,394
National consumption function 国民消费函数,395
National income 国民收入,198, 378
National income accounts 国民收入账户,367, 375
National investment 国民投资,379
National product 国民产值,368, 495
National public goods 全国性公共品,281
National saving 政府储蓄,379, 395
National saving rate 国民储蓄率,374, 379
National security 国家安全,268, 373
Natural capital 自然资本,318
Natural monopoly 自然垄断,149
Natural resource industries 自然资源产业,320, 317
Natural resources 自然资源,8, 256
Near-market goods 准市场性的产品,380
Near-money“准货币”,445
Necessities 必需品,10, 13
Negative externalities 负外部性,31
Negative marginal revenue 负边际收益,152
Negative-sum game 负和博弈,182
Neoclassical model of economic growth 新古典经济增长模型,490
Net debt净债务,617, 620
Net domestic product 国内生产净值,376
Net exports净出口,358 , 375 , 537
Net foreign investment 对外净投资,537
Net income 净收入,118, 235
Net investment 净投资,240 , 374
Net national investment 净国民投资,545
Net national saving 净国民储蓄,545
Net operating income 净营业收入,118
Network markets 网络市场,101
Network products 网络产品,161
Networks 网络,7
Network technology 网络技术,161
Net worth净值,净资产,118
New classical macroeconomics 新古典宏观经济学,607
New Deal 新政,339
New Economics 新经济学,361
New economy 新经济,171, 241
New growth theory 新增长理论,492
New product development 新产品开发,362
New York Stock Exchange 纽约股票交易所,104, 452
Nixon administration 尼克松政府,358
Nominal GDP 名义GDP, 371
Nominal interest rate 名义利率,234, 441
Nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment非加速通货膨胀的失业率,560, 589
Nonclearing labor market 非出清的劳动市场,569
Noncompeting groups 非竞争团体,227
Noncooperative behavior 非合作性行为,189
Noncooperative equilibrium 非合作性均衡,188
Nondiscrimination 非歧视,224
Nonexcludability 非相斥性,32
Nonmarket activities 非市场活动,383
Nonmarket tradeoffs 非市场的权衡,11
Nonprohibitive tariff 非禁止性关税,264
Nonrenewable resources 不可再生资源,317
Nonrivalry 非相克性,32, 492
Nonrival goods “非相克性”物品,492
Nontariff barriers 非关税壁垒,271
Nontransactions accounts 非交易账户,469
Normative economics 规范经济学,7
No-trade equilibrium 无贸易均衡,263
Numerical production function 数值化的生产函数,124~125
0
Oil industry 石油产业,66, 157
OPEC石油输出国组织,164
Oil prices 石油价格,45, 46
Okun, Arthur M.阿瑟•奥肯,566
Okun’s law奥肯法则,566
Oligopoly寡头,147
Olson, Mancur曼克尔•奥尔森,507
Open economy开放经济,520
Open economy equilibrium开放经济的均衡,540
Open-economy macroeconomics开放经济的宏观经济学,537
Open-economy multiplier开放经济的乘数,541
Open market operations 公开市场业务,465
Operating expenses 营业成本,118
Opportunity cost 机会成本,12, 120
Optimal currency area 理想货币区,552
Optimal production schedule 最优产量水平,130
Ordinal utility 序数效用,76
Original factors of production 生产的初始要素,232
Output产出,8
Output condition 产出条件,249
Output determination 产出决定因素,575
Output per person 人均产出,492~493, 588
Output uncertainty 产出不确定性,179
Outsourcing 外包,105
Outward orientation 外向型,507〜509
Overpopulation 人口过剩,314
Overvalued currency 货币局估,543
P
Paper currency 纸币,444, 445
Paper wealth 账面价值,397
Paradox of thrift 节约悖论,435
Paradox of value 价值悖论,83
Pareto, Vilfredo 维尔弗雷多•帕累托,88
Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率,138, 246
Pareto optimality 帕累托最优,8,138
Parities平价,526, 529
Partial equilibrium analysis局部均衡分析,246
Partnerships合伙制,104
Par value票面价值,529
Patents专利,170
Payoffs回报,186
Payoff table支付矩阵,186
Penetration pricing促销价,101
Pension funds养老金,221, 282, 438
Per capita GDP人均GDP, 502
Percentage change in price价格变动的百分比,58
Perfect competition完全竞争,25, 31,129
Perfectly competitive equilibrium完全竞争均衡,30, 31, 189
Perfectly competitive firms完全竞争企业,128, 129, 304
Perfectly competitive industries完全竞争产业,155,174 , 302
Perfectly competitive markets完全竞争市场,162, 165, 166, 173
Perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视,176
Performance-based regulation基于绩效的管制,300
Permanent income theory永久性收入理论,395
Perpetuity永久性资产,235
Per se illegal conduct本质上违法的行*,306
Personal computer industry个人电脑行业,165
Personal financial strategies个人金融策略,456
Personal income个人收入,331,198
Personal saving个人储蓄,388
Personal saving rate个人储蓄率,388
Phelps, Edmund 埃德蒙•菲尔普斯,610
Phillips curve 菲利普斯曲线,588~591
Physical capital 有形资本,183
Pigou, Alfred C.阿尔弗雷德•庇古,600
Piracy掠夺性,111, 306
Policy ineffectiveness theorem 政策无效性定理,611, 613
Policy instrument政策工具,34, 276, 353, 356~358
Policymakers 政策制定者,28, 66
Policy variables政策变量,360, 411〜414, 464
Political disturbances政治动荡,537
Political freedom政治自由,631~632
Political rights政治权力,309, 345, 346
Political risk政治风险,178
Politics政治学,169, 281
Poll tax过桥费,23, 38
Pollution污染,30, 324, 327
Pollution game 污染博弈,189, 190
Pollution permits 排污许可证,325
Pollution tax 污染税,101
Pooling of funds 吸收资金,437
Population explosion 人口爆炸,503
Portfolio投资组合,359, 446
Portfolio diversification 投资组合多样化,455, 456
Positional arms control 位置角逐控制,191
Positive economics 实证经济学,7
Positive externalities 正外部性,31
Post hoc fallacy 后此谬误,5
Potential GDP 潜在GDP, 354
Potential output 潜在产出,560
Poverty 贫穷,501 Poverty line 贫困线,198, 337
Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价,306
Preferences 偏好,25, 73, 256
Present value 现值,235
Price (s)价格,23
Price ceilings价格上限,69
Price changes价格变动,44, 57, 58
Price competition价格竞争,24, 164, 191
Price controls价格控制,298, 303
Price cuts价格削减,185
Price discrimination价格歧视,62,166
Price-elastic demand富有需求价格弹性,58
Price elasticity价格弹性,58
Price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性,58
Price elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性,63
Price equals marginal cost价格等于边际成本,130, 131, 135, 140
Price fixing价格联合,163, 164
Price floor价格下限,70
Price indexes价格指数,355, 380
Price-inelastic demand缺乏需求价格弹性,58
Price level价格水平,4, 24, 135-140
Price mechanism 价格机制,250, 251, 279
Price of GDP GDP的价格,371
Price reform 价格改革,514
Price regulation价格管制,38, 67, 69, 70~72, 358
Price signals 价格信号,37, 51, 584
Price stability价格稳定,355, 383, 396, 628
Price takers 价格接受者,128
Price theory 价格理论,199
Price uncertainty 价格不确定,552
Price wars价格战,164, 166, 178, 186〜188
Pricing定价,23, 35, 140
Primary factors of production基本生产要素,29
Principal-agent problem委托代理问题,513
Principle of comparative advantage比较优势原则,257
Principle of unility效用原则,75
Prisoner’s dilemma囚徒困境,189
Private goods私人品,321
Private saving私人储蓄,379
Privatization私有化,22,173, 303, 514
Process innovation工艺创新,99
Producer equilibrium生产者均衡,249
Producer price index生产者价格指数,381
Producer surplus生产者剩余,139
Product differentiation产品差异化,147, 149〜150, 165
Product innovation产品创新,99
Production costs生产成本,45
Production function生产函数,95
Production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界,9~10,13, 16
Production quotas生产配额,164
Production taxes生产税,372, 376
Production theory生产理论,94, 201
Productive activities生产活动,94, 258
Productive capacity生产能力,95
Productive efficiency有效率的生产,12, 14, 15
Productivity生产率,102, 485
Productivity growth生产率增长,489
Product market产品市场,26, 612
Product quality产品质量,148
Products产品,148
Profit maximization利润最大化,154〜155
Profit-maximizing equilibrium利润最大化均衡,164
Profits利润,24, 236
Progressive tax累进税,285
Prohibitive tariff禁止性关税,177, 264, 265
Property income财产收入,198,199
Property rights产权 324, 326
Property tax财产税,67, 118, 285
Proportional tax比例税,285
Protectionism保护主义,28, 487, 550
Public choice theory公共选择理论,280, 281
Public debt公债,375
Public goods公共品,32, 321
Public interest公共利益,246
Public policy 公共政策,81, 98, 503
Public saving公共储蓄,431, 545 , 546 , 548
Purchasing power parity 购买力平价,501, 527
Purchasing power parity theory of exchange rates汇率的购买力平价理论,534, 536
Pure economic rent 纯经济租金,136, 230
Q
Quantity demanded 需求的数量,137
Quantity theory of money 货币的数量理论,603
Quantity theory of price 价格的数量理论,603
Quotas 配额,264
R
Ramsey, Frank 弗兰克•拉姆塞,232
Ramsey tax rule 拉姆塞税收原则,290
Random sampling 随机抽样,564
Random walk 随机游走,455
Rate of inflation 通货膨胀率,355
Rate of return收益率,回报率,583, 102
Rate of return on capital资本收益率,233
Rational expectations hypothesis理性预期假说,608
Rationing by the purse用钱包来进行配给,51
Real business cycles真实商业周期,409, 417, 609
Real-business-cycle theory真实商业周期理论,409, 417, 609
Real consumption实际消费,390, 477
Real GDP实际GDP, 371
Real income实际收入,477, 484
Real interest rate实际利率,234, 441
Real investment实际投资,374, 397
Real wage实际工资,213
Recession衰退,406
Recession cycle衰退周期,591
Regional trade agreements区域性贸易协定,273
Regressive tax累退税,285
Regulation管制,297
Related goods相关物品,42〜45
Relative-income status相对收入状况,337
Renewable resources可再生资源,317
Rent租金,136, 230
Rent control 租金管制,72
Rent income租金收入,208, 227, 233
Rent seeking 寻租,504
Repressed inflation 抑制型通货膨胀,514
Required reserve ratio 法定准备金比率,468
Research and development 研究开发(研发},283, 490
Reserves 准备金,447 .
Reserve flows 准备金流,469
Reserve-requirements policy 法定准备金政策,464
Resource allocation 资源配置,35, 139
Resources 资源,437
Resource transfers 资源转移,437
Resource wager 资源之赌,319
Restraint of trade 贸易限制,194
Retained earnings 留存收益,118, 237
Retaliatory tariffs 报复性关税,269
Returns to scale 规模报酬,97〜98
Revaluation增值,526
Revenue收入,收益,61〜62
Reverse discrimination 反歧视,226, 227
Ricardian view of fiscal policy 财政政策的李嘉图法则,609
Ricardo, David 大卫•李嘉图,257, 609
Risk ,风险,452
Risk-averse风险规避,182
Riskless interest rate“无风险”利率,440
Risk management风险管理,437
Risk of default违约风险,236
Risk preference风险偏好,456
Risk premium风险溢价,236, 549, 556
Risk-return diagram风险一收益图,452
Risk sharing风险分担,182
Risk-spreading风险分摊,183
Rivalry game对抗博弈,187
Rogers, Will威尔•罗杰斯,230
Romer, Paul保罗.罗默,169
Roundabout production迂回的生产,29, 237, 241
Rule-of-reason doctrine合理准则,306
Rule of 7070法则,.314
Rule of thumb(拍脑袋)简单决策原则,169
Rules vs. discretion 固定规则与相机抉择,611, 627
S
Sachs, Jeffrey 杰福里•萨克斯,508
Safety net 安全网,33,198
Sales tax销售税,285, 288〜289
Samuelson, Paul A.保罗•萨缪尔森,409
Saving 储蓄,419
Saving accounts 储蓄账户,437
Saving function 储蓄函数,391
Saving-investment identity 储蓄一投资恒等式,379
Say's law of markets 萨伊的市场定律,600
Scarcity 稀缺,4
Scatter diagram 散点图,19, 503
Schiller, Claudia 克劳迪亚•希弗,190
Schumpeter, Joseph A.约瑟夫•熊彼特,169, 276
Schumpeterian economics 熊彼特经济学,171
Schumpeterian hypothesis 熊彼特假说,171
Schumpeterian profits 熊彼特利润,237, 336
Scientific approach 科学方法,5
Second-generation banks 第二级银行,448, 449
Securities 证券,238, 437
Government securities 政府证券,437
Seinfeld, Jerry 杰里•塞恩费尔德,191
Semiconductor industry 半导体产业,269
Sherman Antitrust Act 《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》,278
Shortages 短缺,24, 47
Short run 短期,98
Short-run aggregate supply 短期总供给,563
Short-run aggregate supply schedule短期总供给表,559
Short-run equilibrium短期均衡,133
Short-run Phillips curve短期菲利浦斯曲线,588
Short-run supply curve短期供给曲线,133
Shutdown condition停业条件,131
Shutdown point停业点,131
Shutdown rule停业原则,131
Simon, Herbert赫伯特•西蒙,168
Simon, Julian朱利安•西蒙,319
Single-parent families单亲家庭,337
Single-tax movement单一税运动,231〜232
Size of market市场规模,42, 553
Slope斜率,17
Smith, Adam亚当•斯密,4, 23, 25~26, 83
Smooth curve 平滑的曲线,7
Smoot-Hawlay tariff 斯穆特一霍利关税法,271
Social capital 社会资本,317, 374
Social insurance 社会保险,185
Social insurance taxes 社会保险税,396, 617
Social overhead capital 社会基础资本,486
Social regulation 社会管制,297
Social Security 社会保障,617
Solomon, Robert 罗伯特•所罗门,528
Solow, Robert M.罗伯特•索洛,490
Solow model索洛模型,490
Sovereign nations主权国家,255
Sovereign risk政权风险,237
Specialization专业化,26〜27, 273
Specialized entities专业化的经济体,30
Speculation投机,179
Speculative bubble投机泡沬,452~454
Spending line支出线,540
Spillover effects挤出效应,620
Spirit of enterprise企业家精神,486
Stabilization policies稳定政策,606, 607
Stable macroeconomic climate稳定的宏观经济气候,549
Stagflation滞胀,271, 351
Standard and Poor's 500 index标准普尔500指数,454
Standard deviation标准差,456
Statement of profit and loss 损益表,117
State versus market 国家和市场,508
Statistical discrepancy 统计误差,377
Statistical discrimination 统计性歧视,224
Steel, Danielle 丹尼尔•斯蒂尔,191
Sterilization 分流,470
Sticky wages 粘性工资,564, 570
Stock 存置,118
Stock market 股票市场,452〜457
Stock of value 股票价值,611
Stock options 股票期权,105
Stock-price indexes 股票价格指数,454
Stock prices 股票价格,458, 611
Stocks (and flows)股票(和流动》,452~457
Strategic interaction 策略互动,163
Strategic thinking 策略性思考,178
Strikes罢工,178, 221
Structural budget 结构性预算,618
Structural unemployment 结构性失业,567
Subsidies 补贴,67, 269
Substitutes 替代品,80
Substitution effect 替代效应,41, 78〜80
Substitution ratio 替代比率,126
Substitution rule 替代法则,117
Sunk cost principle 沉没成本原则,143
Sunk costs 沉没成本,144
Supernormal profits 超额利润,144,163, 169
Supply供给,29 , 44~52
Supply and demand 供给和需求,29, 44~52
Supply and demand diagram 供给和需求图,52
Supply curve 供给曲线,44
Supply decisions 供给决策,109
Supply elastic 供给富有弹性,63
Supply inelastic 供给缺乏弹性,63
Supply of money 货币供给,358, 442
Supply rule 供给原则,135
Supply schedule 供给表,44
Supply shocks 供给冲击,410
Supply-side economics 供给学派经济学,289, 610
Supply-side tax cuts 供给方减税,431
Surplus剩余,376, 380
Systematic risk 系统风险,236
T
Tangible assets 有形资产,233
Tangible capital 有形资本,374, 549
Tariffs 关税,264
Taxation uithout representation 不民主不纳税,285
Tax burden 税收负担,70, 278 Tax cuts
税收削减,609, 611
Tax incidence 税收归宿,291
Tax multiplier 税收乘数,429~431
Tax preferences 税收偏好,288
Tax rates 税率,287
Tax shifting 税收转嫁,67, 291
Technological change 技术变革,99, 486
Technological possibilities 技术可能性,7
Technological regress 技术退步,101
Teenage unemployment 青少年失业者,571, 572
Terms of trade 贸易条件,259
Theory of income distribution 收入分配理论,199
Third-generation banks 第三级银行,449
Tight money 紧缩货币,362
Time discounting 时间贴现,238
Time-series graphs 时间序列图,19
Tipping 冒尖优势,101
Total assets总资产,118,119
Total cost 总成本,109〜119
Total cost schedule 总成本表,112
Total factor productivity 全要素生产率,102, 496
Total product 总产量,95
Total production function 总生产函数,485
Total revenue 总收益,61,151
Total utility 总效用,74
Trade balance 贸易余额,522
Trade barriers 贸易壁垒,264, 270
Trade deficit 贸易赤字,271, 522
Tradeoffs 权衡,629
Trade policies 贸易政策,268
Trade surplus 贸易盈余,268, 271
Trade war 贸易战,271, 519
Training programs 培训计划,595
Transactions accounts 交易账户,469
Transactions demand for money 货币的交易需求,446
Transactions money 交易货币,445, 446
Transfer payments 转移支付,198, 375
Transportation costs 运输成本,265
Treasury bonds 国债,国库债,437
Treasury inflation-protected securities 通债保值债券,442
Triangular trade 三边贸易,262
U
Unanticipated inflation不可预期的通货膨胀,582, 583
Unbiased forecasts无偏预测,608
Uncertainty不确定性,611
Underemployment equilibrium 非充分就业的均衡,601
Underground economy 地下经济,379
Unemployed persons 失业者,563
Unemployed resources 未利用资源,12
Unemployment 失业,563〜574
Unemployment insurance 失业保险,185
Unemployment rate 失业率,355, 564
Unit cost 单位成本,111
Unit-elastic demand 单位弹性价格需求,58
Upward-sloping supply curve供给曲线向上倾斜,44
User fees使用费,285
U-shaped cost curves
U型成本曲线,115
Usury laws高利贷法,67
Utilitarianism功利主义,74, 75
Utility效用,73, 74
Utility maximization 效用最大化,76, 116
Utility-possibility frontier 效用可能性边界,250
Utility theory 效用理论,73〜77
Utils尤特尔,74
V
Value价值,83
Value added附加值,370
Value-added tax附加税,606
Variable cost可变成本,110
Variable factors of production可变生产要素,136
Variables变量,5, 16-17
Vault cash库存现金,458, 464〜465, 468
Velocity of money货币周转率,603〜605
Vertical axis纵轴,9, 16~17
Vertical equity纵向公平,284
Vertical long-run Phillips curve 垂直的长期菲利浦斯曲线,591
Vertical mergers 纵向兼并,309
Vicious cycle of poverty贫困的恶性循环,506~507
Volcker, Paul保罗•沃尔克,362
Voluntary export quotas 自动出口配额制,271
Voluntary unemployment 自愿失业,567
Voting paradox 选举悖论,281
W
Wage differentials 工资差异,216, 217, 336
Wages 工资,3, 24
Wagner Act 《瓦格纳法》,221
Warner, Andrew 安德鲁•华纳,508
Wartime boom 战时繁荣,359, 361
Watering the stock 灌肠术,157
Water the stock 掺水股,157
Wealth财富,199, 331
concentration 集中化,309 , 311
family assets 家庭资产,209
inherited 继承,333, 336
Wealth distribution 财富分配,583
Wealth effect 财富效应,395~397
Wealth of Nations (Smith)《国富论》,4, 25, 26
Weber, Max马克斯•韦伯,507
Welfare programs福利计划,281〜283
Welfare state福利国家,22, 339
What to produce生产什么,6
Wickseel, Knut克纳特•维克塞尔,237
Winner-take-all games胜者全得博弈,贏家通吃博弈,101, 190
Winner-take-all markets胜者全得市场i 191
Work intensities工作强度,335
Work rules 工作规则,228
Y
Yaxis
Y轴,9,16 〜17
Z
Zero-economic profit condition 零经济利润条件,135
Zero-profit long-run equilibrium 长期的零利润均衡,135
Zero-profit point 零利润点,130