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Background Information
The author Margaret Mitchell was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She spent her childhood inthe laps(包围)of Civil War veterans(老兵;退伍军人)and of her maternal (母亲的)relatives, who had livedthrough the Civil War. After graduating from Washington Seminary(华盛顿神学院),she attended Smith College, but just one year later, in 1918, She returned toAtlanta to take over the household after her mother's death earlier that yearfrom the great Spanish flu pandemic(流行性疾病)of 1918.
Margaret Mitchell admired people who had gumption(进取心), people who fought their way through hard timessuccessfully and came out survivors. She said that if her novel, Gone with the Wind, had a theme itwas survival, "I wrote about the people who had gumption and the peoplewho didn't." With Gone with theWind Margaret brought a promising(有希望的) message to all people - "Tomorrow is another day."
Margaret Mitchell's first and only published best-selling andReconstruction Period novel that first appeared in 1936, but was mostly writtenin the late 1920s. The novel had a great success throughout the United Statesand around the world. It has been translated into about 27 languages in 37countries. At present, Gone with theWind is still one of the best-selling novels in the world. The storyhappened around the American Civil War. It has the rich content、the complex plots、the contradictions(矛盾)between the figures, shaping the characters with the hint of a triangular(三角的)love between Scarlett, Ashley and Rhett.
After adaptation(改编), thefilm was released on December 15, 1939 after three years’ effort and cost about$4 million by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM,米高梅电影制片公司).It got the highest-grossing(票房最高的)record-breaking(创纪录).Gonewith the Wind has unquestioned status as a film classic.
The film is divided into two parts: Part I deals with Scarlett O'Harabefore and during the war. Part II continues the story line after the war andScarlett's complex relationship with Rhett Butler.
The History
The movie is a story of relations among a group of people. They are allyoung - from early teens to mid and late twenties. Their youth coincides(同时发生) with a troubled period ofAmerican history-American Civil War. Actual historical events powerfully affectall their lives. The movie refers to these events.
The story begins just before the outbreak of the American Civil War in1861. The war lasted for four years and ended with a victory for the NorthernStates (北部联邦=the Federalists=theYankees) .This was the end of a period of prosperity for the Southern States(南部邦联=the Confederacy).
That prosperity got its height in the 1840s and 1850s. It was based onthe growing of tobacco, indigo (能产生靛蓝的植物),and especially cotton. There were great estates(种植园),called plantations, like Tara, the home of theO'Haras, and Twelve Oaks, the home of the Wilkes family. It was a world of easyliving,of untroubled wealth,of parties and picnics and leisure.
When the war started, the issue was simple. The twenty-three NorthernStates wanted to preserve(维持)theunion of the United States. The eleven Southern States wanted to secede (脱离, 退出)andbecome an independent nation. There was a momentous development in 1862. Aminor victory for the North gave President Abraham Lincoln opportunity to makethe Proclamation(宣布)ofEmancipation(解放).
After that came the defeats including that at Gettysburg and the Southwas doomed. The ruin of Tara and TwelveOaks reflected actual historical reality. After the end of the war,the South was known as the Reconstruction Period andwas a wrecked and lawless period. The movie are unusual to make us sympathizewith the vanquished, the losing side, feeling regret for a way of life.
American Civil War
Causes of the war 内战原因
The chief and immediate cause of the war was slavery. Theeleven Southern States that formed the Confederacy (南方邦联) depended on slavery tosupport their economy. Southerners used slave labor to produce crops,especially cotton. Although slavery was illegal (非法的) in the NorthernStates, only a small proportion of Northerners actively opposed it. The maindebate (争论) between the North andthe South on the eve of the war was whether slavery should be permitted in theWestern territories (地区) recently acquired duringthe Mexican War (1846 —1848), including New Mexico, part of California, andUtah. Opponents of slavery were concerned about its expansion (扩展), in part because theydid not want to compete against slave labor.
The Confederacy 南方邦联
On February 4, 1862, delegates (代表) from the first sixstates to secede (脱离联邦) met in Montgomery,Alabama(亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利市), to set up aprovisional (临时的) government for the ConfederateStates of America. Four days later they adopted a constitution (宪法) modeledto a large extent on the Constitution of the UnitedStates. On February 9, the provisional Confederate Congress (代表大会) elected JeffersonDavis of Mississippi provisional president and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgiaprovisional vice president. Both men were to hold office until February 22.
EmancipationProclamation 解放奴隶宣言
On January 1, 1863,U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued (颁布) the ordering that allslaves in rebel (造反的) territory be freed. The Proclamation marked a radical (根本的) departure (起点) in policy (政策). About 3 million people were freed by the terms of thedocument, which is regarded as one of the most important state documents of theUnited States.
The Battle of Gettysburg 葛底斯堡战役
This battle, fought July 1 through July 3, 1863, is considered by mostmilitary historians the turning point in the American Civil War. It was adecisive engagement in that it arrested (阻止) the Confederates’second and last major invasion of the North, destroyed their offensivestrategy, and forced them to fight a defensive war in which the inadequacies(不足)oftheir manufacturing capacity (生产力) and transportation facilities doomed them todefeat.
Some Historical Figures Related to the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln (1809 — 1865)
As the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln helped keepthe American Union together during the Civil War and abolished slavery in theUnited States. He is remembered for his honesty, compassion (怜悯,同情), and strength of character. Lincoln remains one of themost respected presidents in American history.
UlyssesS. Grant (1822 — 1885)
The Union Army’sgreatest general who led his troops to victory in the American Civil War.President Abraham Lincoln selected Grant to lead the Union forces on March 9,1864, following a string (一连串) of unsuccessful commanders (司令官, 指挥官). As a general, he isfamous for his straightforward (直截了当的) and relentless (不屈不挠的) approach to warfare(作战方法):“The art of war is simple enough: find out where yourenemy is, get them out as soon as possible, strike them as hard as you can andas often as you can and keep moving on.”
Robert E. Lee (1807 — 1870)
Brilliant Confederate general, whose military genius was probably thegreatest single factor in keeping the Confederacy alive through the four yearsof the American Civil War.
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